How To Extract DNA

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that codes genetic information in most living organisms. Some bacteria use RNA for their genetic code, but any other living organism will work as a DNA source for this project. DNA Extraction Materials While you can use any DNA source, some work especially well. Peas, such as dried split green peas,  are an excellent choice. Spinach leaves, strawberries, chicken liver, and bananas are other options. Dont use DNA from living people or pets, as a simple matter of ethics. 100 ml (1/2 cup) of a DNA source1 ml (â…› teaspoon) table salt, NaCl200 ml (1 cup) cold waterenzymes to denature protein (e.g., meat tenderizer, fresh pineapple juice,  or contact lens cleaning solution)30 ml (2 tablespoons) liquid dishwashing detergent70-90% rubbing alcohol or other isopropyl or ethyl alcoholblenderstrainercup or bowltest tubesstraws or wooden skewers Perform the DNA Extraction Blend together 100 ml of DNA source, 1 ml of salt, and 200 ml of cold water. This takes about 15 seconds on high setting. You are aiming for a homogeneous soupy mixture. The blender breaks apart the cells, releasing the DNA that is stored inside.Pour the liquid through a strainer into another container. Your goal is to remove the large solid particles. Keep the liquid; discard the solids.Add 30 ml liquid detergent to the liquid. Stir or swirl the liquid to mix it. Allow this solution to react for 5-10 minutes before proceeding to the next step.Add a small pinch of meat tenderizer or a squirt of pineapple juice or contact lens cleaner solution to each vial or tube. Swirl the contents gently to incorporate the enzyme. Harsh stirring will break the DNA and make it harder to see in the container.Tilt each tube and pour alcohol down the side of each glass or plastic to form a floating layer on top of the liquid. Alcohol is less dense than water, so it will float on the liquid, but you don t want to pour it into the tubes because then it will mix.  If you examine the interface between the alcohol and each sample, you should see a white stringy mass. This is the DNA!Use a wooden skewer or a straw to capture and collect the DNA from each tube. You can examine the DNA using a microscope or magnifying glass or place it in a small container of alcohol to save it. How It Works The first step is to choose a source that contains a lot of DNA. Although you can use DNA from anywhere, sources high in DNA will yield more product at the end. The human genome is diploid, meaning it contains two copies of each DNA molecule. Many plants contain multiple copies of their genetic material. For example, strawberries are octoploid and contain 8 copies of each chromosome. Blending the specimen breaks apart the cells so you can separate the DNA from other molecules. Salt and detergent act to strip away proteins normally bound to DNA. The detergent also separates the lipids (fats) from the sample. The enzymes are used to cut the DNA. Why would you want to cut it? The DNA is folded and wrapped around proteins, so it needs to be freed before it can be isolated. After you have completed these steps, the DNA is separated from other cell constituents, but you still need to get it out of solution. This is where the alcohol comes into play. The other molecules in the sample will dissolve in alcohol, but DNA does not. When you pour alcohol (the colder the better) onto the solution, the DNA molecule precipitates so that you can collect it. Learn More About DNA 10 Interesting DNA FactsDNA Versus RNADNA Facts Quiz

American And British History Of Different Social Classes

The American and British history of different social classes is presented in the novel When the Sleeper Wakes by H.G Wells with a future world that has similarities to the social classes of the American and British histories. One way Wells demonstrates the distinction between classes is with the colors of their clothing. The young boy that pushes in the tailor’s machine is described as wearing clothing made of â€Å"coarse pale blue canvas† (Wells, 105). This is to show that based on the color he is owned by the Labour Bureau, which are all unskilled workers, whose tasks are made so simple that anyone could do it. This boy is expected to grow up to be in the class he was born into, which is the lower class. The novel also describes that the Labour Bureau uses them as slaves. The lower class citizens are being indoctrinated so that they will not think on their own and realize how and why they are being treated this way. This is a way of controlling them and keeping them from banding together and initiating a rebellion against the upper class in this novel. One part of the upper class in the story is the all-powerful council. This council not wanting to give up control to Graham, plot to have him killed. They believe killing him will preserve their world that they have created. The United States was a British Colony in the early 1700s, the differences between the two were certainly visible, particularly in the socioeconomic areas, commonly due to the fact that slavery played anShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between The French Revolution And American Revolution1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Revolution and the French Revolution The late 1700’s was a time for cutting-edge inventions, literary and philosophical achievements, upcoming and rising leaders, and lastly, revolutions. The American revolution took place from 1770 to 1783. 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It is true that England had a role to play in the American Revolution, however the problems between the classes wasRead MoreAn Analysis Of Howard Zinn s Chapter Four Of A History Of The United States1684 Words   |  7 PagesIn chapter four of A History of the United States by Howard Zinn, he explored the condition and state of the English colonies concerning the American Revolution. He implored on how the American Revolution successfully supplanted the tyrannical system of England with the same kind of tyranny. He continued expanding on all components of the American Revolution such as what led to the rebellion and dissatisfaction of the people and how after the American Revolution, nothing had really changed otherRead MoreHoward Zinn s Views On American Revolution950 Words   |  4 Pagesis a history professor at Brown Universit y. These two historians viewed the nature of American Revolution from two opposite different perspectives. Zinn viewed the American Revolution as an effort to preserve America’s status; while Wood looked at Revolution as an event that incorporated sense of equality among all Americans. Zinn was able to present the argument better as evidences he provided to support his argument seemed to make more sense and were closer to reality. Howard argued American RevolutionRead MoreEssay about Chapter 5 Text1303 Words   |  6 PagesPettengill February 20, 2015 Prof Yang US History Chap. 5 Text Ch5.1 – â€Å"I am not a Virginian, but an American,† declared Patrick Henry in 1775. Discuss what united the colonists and what divided them by mid-1770s.   What united the colonists in the 1770’s I think began with the fact that they were all getting started here in the â€Å"New World†. They had a chance to make something of themselves and start a new life, breaking away from the restraints of British government. Some of the colonists united

Eco Free Essays

The key determinants of labor market movements are real gross domestic product (GAP), consumer price index (ICP) and core ICP (which excludes food and energy), consumer confidence, unemployment dates, Jobless claims, and labor force participation. These determinants help businesses, government, and people of the country to prepare for the future. One of the most important determinants of labor market is the unemployment rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unemployment rate is the percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work. Unemployment rate in February was 6. 7%, which was 0. 1% increase from January, and 1. 0% down from February 2013. The change between February and January of 2014 was due to more workers who entered the labor force before their ability to secure employment, even though umber of people who lost Jobs grew as well. Within the unemployment rate, the rate for the Bachelor’s degree or higher is an important rate. It was 3. 4%, which was 0. 2% increase from January, which was 3. 2%, but decreased 0. 5% from a year ago, which was 3. %. Nonfat payrolls was 175,000, which was a big increase from January’s 129,000 despite the severe weather. The increase in February exceeded the expectations. Construction industry added 1 5,000 Jobs, manufacturers added 6,00 jobs, education [health care increased by 33,000 Jobs, accounting industry grew by 40,000 Jobs, and lastly, restaurants added 21 ,OHO Jobs. Another important factor that contributed to the growth of payroll was the Affordable Care Act, which increased employment in insurance industry. February increase of 175,000 is in parallel with what Moody’s Analytical expects as well. Another statistics to focus on is average workweek. In February, the average workweek for all employees was 34. 2 hours, which was . 1 hour decrease from January’s 34. 3 hours. This was mainly caused by the severe weather. Typically, the influence of severe weather reduce the average weekly hours because some employees may take off work during the pay period and not chive pay for that time, but some workers who works in services that clean or repair, might work extra hours. If I were asked to forecast the unemployment rate and nonfat payroll change for March, I would use February information of the nonfat payroll, and Jobless claims of March and February. First of all, 3 month moving average of nonfat payroll is 129,000, which is significantly lower than the previous month’s 3-month moving average. 3 month moving average of nonfat payroll and nonfat payroll change of February and January (which is basically same as 2-month moving average) contradicts completely. This was mainly due to the severe weather. As the weather gets better, these two indicators will move in one direction in parallel. Also, according to Dismal Scientist, Job gains are expected to increase during the year, which will exceed 200,000 per month starting in the 2nd quarter (April-June), and ultimately reach the precession peak. The overall trend of jobless claims is declining as well. Initial claims for week ending March 22 fell 10,000 to 331,000, the four-week moving average declined by 9,500 to 317,750 as well. For the week ending March 15, the continuing claims fell by 53,000 to 2. Millions, which reversed more than the prior weeks increase of 28,000. By evaluating all these factors, I would say that unemployment rate would decrease back to 6. 6% and non- farm payroll would increase to 190,000 for March 2014. In order to assess labor market prospects for year 2014 and 201 5, we first need to understand current labor market situation. We can look at some recent labor market data. According to the February establi shment survey, the payroll employment improved in February 2014 to 175,000 even though regions such as Northeast were hit hard by severe winter weather. Despite the increase in payroll employment in February 2014, the unemployment is increased slightly to 6. 7% from 6. 6% in January 2014, as mentioned above. The labor force participation rate decreased slightly but the percentage remained same at 63%. Another important data for current labor market situation is the Jobless claims. According to the Labor Department, there was a decline of seasonally adjusted 10,000 in Jobless claims at 311,000, which was the lowest level since November 2013. One analysis from these current labor market data is that the near future of labor market is not negative. Even though the economy was hit by harsh winter weather, the unemployment rate almost stayed the same we saw a decline in Jobless claims. Reports suggest that New Residential Constructions will likely to be increased in near future. It suggests that there will be increase in demand for labor market. However, there is one factor that might have huge impact on labor market, which is the increase in minimum wage. Recently the state of Connecticut became the first state to raise its minimum wage to $10. 10 an hour by 2017. Many economists argue that change in minimum wage can affect labor market. Especially, in today’s slow economy, big increase in minimum wage will likely increase the structural unemployment, which is undoubtedly one of the most serious problems for labor market’s prospect and unemployment rate. Therefore, if there will be states that initiating increased minimum wage law in near future, then we would see higher unemployment rate and it will have adverse effect on labor market. If the minimum wage remains unchanged, then the unemployment rate will likely to go down in next two years, but the decrease will be very little since we already have seen 1. Decrease from a year ago, and current unemployment rate of 6. 7% is not considered very high, which suggests there is not much room to decrease in next two years. Therefore, labor market data will likely to be consistent and improve mildly as long as we do not have any shocks such as $10. 00 minimum wage law. There are few policies that will be effective if I was hired by the administration to impro ve Job creation and lower the unemployment rate. First policy is an income tax deduction incentive for corporations and small business owners if they are willing to hire additional workers. It will not be targeted for everyone, but with this policy, there will be many owners who will compare the benefits between the tax deduction and increased payroll cost. I believe if the costs of the increased payroll are not considerably higher than the tax deduction benefit, then many owners will be willing to hire additional workers since there are many subtle but crucial benefits of having more workers for businesses. For example, when business owners have additional workers, they can delegate less important tasks to newly hired workers and spend additional time on more important tasks that often can only done by owners. Even Hough there will be a decrease in government tax revenue, it will be relatively inexpensive way to improve labor market situation and Job creations, because there will be a decrease in unemployment insurance expense and an increase in personal income tax revenue from those newly hired workers. Often owners would like to hire workers if the benefits are comparable to their costs of wages. The policy will immediately create Jobs and decrease the unemployment. Another policy that can lower unemployment is requiring more firms to switch from partially experience rated to 100 percent experience rated for unemployment-insurance payments. In a partially experience rated system, a firm is required to pay only part of the fired employees which usually leads companies to lay off or fire employees more easily. This specific practice will be reduced by implementing 100 percent experience rated system, because the system will increase the companies’ costs of firing employees, which will make companies to compare the costs of firing and keeping the unwanted employees. It will definitely reduce the unemployment claims and unemployment rate. These two policies will help to increase Job creation and lower unemployment in both short run and long run. How to cite Eco, Papers

The Great Depression Brought Changes to Art in Many Ways free essay sample

Life In America was more open and out going then normal. Jazz clubs opened up at mostly every block, where young vibrant people would go drink and dance the night away. This kind of social activity was looked down upon by older citizens that thought this kind of behavior was inappropriate. This would ultimately lead up to prohibition and the first time ver in American history an amendment was excused making alcohol illegal in the United States. This caused crime rates to skyrocket within American cities causing some of the most notorious gangsters in American history to emerge, such as A1 Capone. So many other things came out of the roaring 20s, such as inventions of the automobile, radio and airplanes, new fashion styles, skyscrapers and movies. With life changing, so did art. Mostly throughout the 1920s there were a variety of art movements and styles that were popular. Such as surrealism, Art Deco, reglonallsm and with new technologies came photography and also film. In 1929 the stock market crashed causing many people jobs and their life savings. Banks were continuing to fail and jobless workers would rely on crime and theft to support their families. With the stock market crash and many people in debt, this paved the way for many artists to express their feelings, through painting, architecture [pic]and photography. One of the most popular art movements during this time was known as American Scene painting. This art movement rejected the earlier European Modernist and abstract styles. It primarily depicted realistic scenes of American life. One of the famous American scene painters was Charles Sheeler and was known as a Precisionist painter. HIS paintings mainly consisted of simplified forms of American factories and buildings and used crisped defined edges with smooth brushwork throughout his paintings. Above is his famous work titled simply mostly found in American architecture, Jewelry, furniture, clothes and handcrafts through out the 1920s. Its geometrical design with parallel lines kept the sleekness style throughout the 1920s. Surrealism was originally formed in Europe and with art students from America they had brought the style over to the United States. Some of the most popular surrealist was Alexander Calder and Joseph Cornell. Calder was a sculptor and an engineer who was inspired by surrealist painters in Europe to sculpt and create moveable pieces of art. One of his famous works was Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. All of the parts moved, not mechanically, but with the wind. People think he was an abstract artist, but he wanted to stimulate the imagination. Regionalism was another art movement that was influenced by the American Scene painting. Grant Wood was a regionalist painter who focused on the everyday living in America. His American Gothic is a realistic painting of what appears to be a husband and wife in front of their farm house. But it is actually supposed to be an older Iowa farmer and his daughter. The Regionalist movement is divided into two groups. One is the social realist and was influenced by the social troubles of the lower class. The other was the Regionalist and they were more focused of the positive side of things (such as Grant Wood), hoping to drive America out of the depression. A Regionalist painter named Thomas Hart Benton, painted his Instruments of Power from the mural America today. Which shows a mural of all sorts of technological improvements during this time period. It consists of a train, plain, electric towers, steam engines and other symbols of industry. The social realists were primarily focused on the American worker and sought to change the hard economic times of the Great Depression. In fact, most of the social realists rejected idealism and focused their attention o n how the artists saw the subjects and depicted how they felt about the subject. Social realist style was associated with hard-edged muscular figures that are distorted and morphed. The movements main goal was to show struggles of the working America. The leading social realist during this time was Aaron Douglas, who was also the leading artists for the Harlem Renaissance. During World War l, million of African Americans moved to the north to look for jobs. In the south there was not much opportunity at all for African Americans. This would be later called the Great Migration. This would cause great racial tension in the north. In Harlem, eager to share their social thoughts with the rest of the world, African Americans would then explore their new surroundings and experiment with usic, writing and art that revolutionize the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas would be the forefront of the Harlem Renaissance. He would produce great works, such as Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction. This piece was meant for African Americans to realize they are part of this world and this country. The painting is a reenactment of the Emancipation Proclamati on, which suggests that Douglas was trying to reinforce their part in history. Douglass style was highly influenced abstract style. He would use a limited color palette in his paintings using a ariety of light and dark contrasts within his works. In contrast to Aaron Douglas, a young Jacob Lawrence would appear, painting a series called The Migration of the station. He used an abstract style and simple shapes that fits the forms of Cubism and African American folk art. In March 1933, newly elected president Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested a plan to revitalize the American economy. The plan was called the new deal and was simply a promise to the American people that this new plan would get America out of the economic depression. Many organizations came out of this new deal plan. For starving artist, this gave them a prime opportunity to make money and also to show their works of art. The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) was an organization that was going to give artist work. The PWAP did not last long but it gave artists a reviving boost. Then in 1935 a much similar organization established called the Federal Art Project (FAP) employed over 5,000 artists from 1935 to 1943. Artists such as Michael Lensin would benefit from this organization. His mural Mining gives a true understanding of the American worker. Much of the FAP art were murals, sculptures nd frescos that still exist throughout the country. Most of the subject matter in these works of art was mainly about American struggle and American prosperity and achievements. These organizations would not Just produce painters, but would also produce great photographers that would capture real live images of people. This new technology would then revolutionize photography and will inspire future photographe rs throughout history. Photography was the most popular forms of art during the Great Depression. With new technology for cameras it was easy for photographers to capture images everywhere they went. The photographs captured real people with real struggles. It also captured the harsh reality of the Great Depression. Many photographers would go a different course and try to promote more positive images such as young people dancing and having a good time. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) would hire these photographers to capture certain images to promote positive life. The Great Depression was a time period when people needed to see the harsh realities of the Depression and how it effect people, especially the lower class citizens. A photographer such as Walker Evans was known as one of the masters of hotography. He took pictures of many people during the Great Depression and showed the grueling struggles of Americans. Walkers use of lighting, composition and capturing great detail was what made him a pioneer in the photography world. His photos of sharecroppers and immigrants during the Depression show the harsh realities of their situation. He was hired by the Farm Securit y Administration (FSA) to take a series of photographs of families living in run down homes. A photo taken in 1936 shows a family living in poor and dirty conditions posing in front of the camera. They all look run down and defeated. He placed them directly into the center of photograph making sure that they were the focal point of this picture. You can see throughout the picture Just how terrible these living conditions were. He would then carry out more series of photographs of the lower class during the Great Depression. imagery of the Depression to show viewers the impact of the struggling economy. The Farm Security Administration was aware of how photographs impacted public thought. There are Pictures such as mioung Girls Knitting Stockings in Southern Hosiery Mill by Lewis W. Hine, which shows girls in a factory working in a harsh tmosphere. This was an earlier photo taken during World War l. He would then focus more on the progress of America. He took an extraordinary photo called Rivetting on the dome, a quarter mile up. It was a photo taken of workers during the construction of the Empire State building. Some photographers took pictures of the positive, many photographers were more curious about the stru ggles during the Great Depression. One photographer in particular was Dorothea Langes