High Allegiance To Culture Is Detrimental to Well-Being Research Paper

High Allegiance To Culture Is Detrimental to Well-Being - Research Paper Example This is vital in bringing out the discrepancies that Amy tries to illuminate in her book. Thereafter, the arguments that prop this statement shall roll out to defend the same. However, the discussion covers the scope of different possibilities to a single situation. Cultures differ in of terms stability, stakeholders and inheritors of the same and awareness of a group about their own culture. While some groups know whatever entails their culture, another group may have a culture without committing to the same. The discussion shall focus on daughter-mother relationships to illustrate the detriment of culture disparities and intolerance on growth of individuals. High allegiance to culture is a detriment to the wellbeing of individuals. This novel is entails the story around four Chinese families that have settled in America. The families are composed of daughters and mothers. Through these characters, the story illuminates the embodiment of culture. The four Chinese families experience their unison by playing their own games and engaging in culinary activities. The Chinese families are in America due to their own various reasons. The first mum in the story dies before the events to the whole plot pick up. Suyuan Woo is a Chinese woman who lives in china with her family and husband. However, the husband is involved way from home in the Second World War. Woo goes through difficult times trying to harness hope for herself and her family. During this war period, she forms the original joy club with a few of her friends. The war escalates and the Japanese invade China. In despair, and before the Joy club matures, Woo sets off with her twin children to escape out of China. On the way, she gets sick and abandons her kids in wait of her own death (Dong 21). Fortunately, a lorry comes by and rescues her before she succumbs. She, then, immigrate into America whereby she remarries (Tan 19). In USA, she encounters her four friends whereby they form another joy club. She bear s a daughter known as Jing Mei. Jing Mei is the striving force behind Suyuan’s strength in bearing the loss of her twin children. She succumbs to a disease before she actualizes her hope of meeting her two children. The next character is Lindo. Lindo, too, escaped from China due to her unique reasons. While she was twelve, her society obliges her to marry a sixteen-year old boy. Since they shared little attachment, she decides to flee on the pretext of spiritual grounds. She is domineering character who strives to shape the direction of her daughter’s life (Rosinky 52). Similarly, there exists An Mei who immigrates into America due to her unique reasons. An- Mei grows up as an orphan due to traumatic events that befalls her family. Her mother faces rejection from her first family since she remarries as a concubine to a wealthy man. An- Mei’s mother commits suicide due to trauma she undergoes in her new home. On her mother’s death, she finds her way out of China. During her stay in USA, she marries whereby she has seven children. The last principal character in this story is Ying- ying. Her Chinese family is wealthy and conservative. The family teaches Ying -ying to define her femininity by being demure. However, Ying-ying possesses a strong personality that she hides in order to please her family. She gets to marry a man whom she realizes she does not share an attachment. The husband becomes abusive and; therefore, she

Responsible business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responsible business - Essay Example The concept of ethical business will be explained using a real-life example from a business that shows the perfect application of ethical business practices. This will help in developing the theme of how organizations create and implement ethical practices in the workplace. Additionally, the effect of ethical behaviour affects the behaviour of organizations and the society in general. This will be followed by an analysis of the role of the government in approaching responsible business. Responsible Business From definition, a responsible business performs actions that are strategic, comprehensive and connect with all the players in the industry. This model describes a way of acting on decisions and problems in a systematic and connected way. This approach also enlightens the leaders of the organization, including the board of directors, the team that deals with the customers, the government and non-for profits organizations (Pohl & Tolhurst, 2010). According to the tenets of responsi ble business, apart from making profits, an organization should also encourage practices that reflect ethical, social and environmental goals. This can be done by the employing business practices considered responsible by the society. For example, the provision of safe and healthy working environments for employees, being an equal opportunity employer, avoiding inequality and injustice in the organization, and avoiding bullying, harassment or discrimination in the workplace (Sanford, 2011). This can be done by setting organizational policies and cultures that reflect the factors mentioned above and ensuring that the employees and management follow these policies. Additionally, societal and environmental concerns are applied when the policies that guide the organization are made, which is mainly done to influence other stakeholders in a business. Reducing risks faced in the working environment also makes up part of the responsible business model, for example, by reducing the environm ental and health risks faced by employees in the organization. Additionally, the organization should also work to ensure that risks that its operations pose to the society and community are reduced through the use of responsible work technologies and procedures (Smith, 2010). The term responsible business covers a wide range of factors, and some of the concepts that it encompasses are CSR, ethics, business sustainability and social considerations. The application of these factors ensures that a business’s operations are considered responsible. Responsible businesses adhere to these practices in order to ensure that it continues with profitable ventures in the community and follows the ethical codes dictated by the society. Another concept that is similar to responsible business is corporate social responsibility (CSR), which refers to the analysis of an organization’s duties and how its actions degrades or uplifts the community in which it operates (Kotler & Lee, 2011) . Another factor that relates to responsible business is ethical business. A distinction between a sustainable and ethical business is that a business that places emphasis on a specific code of conduct is referred to as an ethical business, while a sustainable business is one that is able to continue operations through sustainable trading. Ethical Business Ethics is one of the issues make up an individual’s personality, makes the basis for behaviour, morals and

A Look At St Michael The Archangel

A Look At St Michael The Archangel The Holy Scriptures often speak of created intelligences, other than humans, who worship God in heaven and act as His messengers and agents on earth (The Vatican). These beings are known as angels. Angels are mentioned in the Bible when they deliver messages, or appear in humans dreams. Gabriel is the angel who appears most to humans. Michael is called an archangel and a spirit prince. (Students Life Application Bible, Daniel 10:13, 31). The archangel Michael is also a saint and is revered world-wide. What is an angel? The Vatican describes them as spiritual, non-corporeal beings (The Vatican). This implies that angels are something altogether separate from human beings. But, angels are also blessed with free will. Angels have a choice whether to follow God or not. God at the beginning of time created from nothing both creatures together, the spiritual and the corporeal, that is, the angelic and the earthly, and thus He created human nature as having both, since it is made up of spirit and of body (The Vatican). Angels then, do not have bodies and are just spirits. They can take the form of a human, as they often do when they are mentioned in the Bible. But it is not a true body like ours. Humans are both spiritual and corporeal. We have a body and we have a soul. Angels live in heaven with God and according to St. Augustine, always behold the face of my Father who is in heaven. St. Michael is called an archangel, where does this place him? There are classes of angels, according t o Pope Gregory 1. This is the order he believed was to be the order of angels from highest rank to lowest: Seraphim, Cherubim, Thrones, Dominions, Principalities, Powers, Virtues, Archangels and Angels. This points out that angels are actually are on the lowest scale of the celestial hierarchy. Even Michael, who is an archangel, is not one of the higher ranks of angels. But, we do not hear of any types of angels specifically except for the four, or sometimes seven archangels. The four archangels are Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel. (Michael and All Angels) According to the Bible, an angel spoke, I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord. In Enoch: 20, the seven archangels are listed. And these are the names of the holy angels who watch: 1. Uriel, one of the holy angels, who is over the world and over Tartarus. 2. Raphael, one of the holy angels, who is over the spirits of men. 3. Raguel, one of the holy angels who takes vengean ce on the world of the luminaries. 4. Michael, one of the holy angels, to wit, he that is set over the best part of mankind and over chaos. 5. Saraqà ¢Ãƒ ªl, one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit. 6. Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim. 7. Remiel, one of the holy angels, whom God set over those who rise. It is often said that these angels are associated with planets of the Solar system and specifically, Michael is paired with Saturn. (Michael and all Angels). Michael the Archangel is mentioned only four times in the Bible. He is mentioned in Revelations Then there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon and his angels. And the dragon lost the battle and he and his angels were forced out of heaven. This gives us the image that Michael is the one who physically throws Satan out of heaven, though it was God who banished him. Daniel states, But the prince of the kingdom of Persia opposed me twenty-one days. So Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, and I left him there with the prince of the kingdom of Persiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.There is no one with me who contends against these princes except Michael, your prince (Daniel 21:13,21). Michael is twice called a prince in these Bible verses. This gives us an image of Michael being exulted over others in heaven and on earth. This is true, he is one of the beloved angels and he is worshipped on earth as well. According to research, Michael is also mentioned again in Daniel At that time Michael, the great prince, the protector of your people, shall arise. (Daniel 12:1). As you can see, in many of these Bible verses Michael is called a spirit prince, prince, protector of the people. Michael, in a way, is a prince. He fights for the protection of the reign of God, and he helps humans in their times of need. I admire St. Michael the Archangel because he is willing to risk everything for his Lord. Even though God does not like killing and war, he has a heavenly army and Michael is its commander. Michael fights for the one true thing he believes in. He is someone I would aspire to be like.

Essay --

There are many different programs, which offer scholarships for studying in different parts of the world. In order to pick the right one for you, one needs to clearly understand what he/she expects from the program. I find UGRAD to be one of most promising programs for studying in the US for me, because it offers everything I’m looking for. Studying in the US has many great advantages like having an opportunity to get higher quality education, learning about the American people, exploring their lifestyle, culture and holidays, improving your English as well as becoming more responsible and mature person than you are currently. Armenian education system is descendent of the former Soviet Union one, so as a consequence it is more concentrating on theory rather than on the practical usage of the information. The problem is that without knowing how to apply the knowledge, one won't be able to become a good specialist. It is like having a tool but not knowing how to use it. Imagine having the latest, most powerful computer without having a power supply. You can’t make any use of it. This is the situation I found myself in - universities here give profound knowledge however, they are far from providing you with skills of using it. Whereas American education system pays more attention to practical skills, which include ability of doing research, actively interacting with problems of real life as well as developing critical thinking skills. Not to mention that due to having much more progressive equipment and better facilities studying is an easier, more attractive and more joyful process for students. Studying in the US is a perfect solution, as I will get best from both of the worlds. Besides academic challenges, ther... ... As soon as we get to know it better, we find it interesting and even like it. This is the kind of experience I’m looking for. Speaking of motivation I must admit that it came from my English teacher, who kindly showed me the right path to a better future. Thanks to her I had a chance to meet teachers from the US, communicate with them, ask many questions. That was the moment when I realized what I was missing. And the reason beyond my desire to get the best possible education is actually the fact I want to make my country a better place to live in. Armenian economic system is having a hard time nowadays, and the reason is the lack of proper specialist, who would lead the country to the right direction. I hope all the skills and knowledge I’ll bring with me from the US in case of being chosen will help me to become one of the leaders my country needs so much.

Invasive Species Climate Change And Aquatic Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration and invasive species have been a disputing job in this planetary alteration. When many emphasiss act in synergy they may finally hold unexpected and irreversible effects for the native communities and besides may impact economically valuable human activities such as piscaries in a peculiar part ( Ambrogi, 2007 ) . To avoid and minimise impact of invasive species, appropriate sensing and control should be find to accomplish optimal consequence, include sing influence of clime alteration. This paper attempt to give general overview of the consequence of clime alteration on invasive species, started with reexamining consequence of clime alteration on aquatic ecosystem, so specific to aquatic invasive species ( AIS ) peculiarly the consequence of altered thermic government, and eventually place steps to be taken. Invasive species, clime alteration and aquatic ecosystems As defined in Executive Summary of the National Invasive Species Management Plan ( NISMP ) the term invasive species is â€Å" a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose debut causes or is likely to do economic or environmental injury or injury to human wellness † ( NISC, 2006 ) . Raaymakers ( 2007 ) has observed that homo has contributed in the procedure of species dispersal every bit long as they have sailed across the seas ; moreover, in modern times with canal development, motion of big Marine construction, marine being attached to drifting marine dust, flight of species from fish tank, and ballast H2O and hull fouling of commercial transportation. Natural scientists besides have determined that human activities have become dominant force in act uponing clime, greatly exceeds the influence by natural procedure such as volcanic eruption and solar alterations. Incoming solar radiation and out-going infrared ( thermic ) radiation that are portion of Earth ‘s energy balance are altered by nursery gases and aeroA ­sols. The overall consequence of human activities on clime has been a warmA ­ing influence ( IPCC, 2007 ) . Ecosystem was influenced by clime in many ways ; some are more vulnerable and sensitive than other. Animal, workss and micro-organism lives are strongly attuned in clime, for illustration temperature fluctuation ; sum, timing or signifier of precipitation ( Committee, 2008 ) . In aquatic system, Rahel and olden ( 2008 ) province that warmer H2O temperatures, shorter continuance of ice screen, altered streamflow forms, increased salinization, and increased demand for H2O storage and conveyance constructions is projected as consequence of clime alteration. As an illustration, in instance of US aquatic ecosystem, Poff, Brinson & A ; Day ( 2002 ) sum up several of import points sing possible impact of clime alteration, such as exposure of aquatic and wetland ecosystems to climate alteration, displacement in thermic suitableness of aquatic home grounds for occupant species by increasing of temperature, and negative effects caused by seasonal displacements in watercourse overflow. However, in their research, most specific ecological response to climate alteration can non be predicted because of new combinations of native and non native species interaction in fresh status. Climate alteration induced on ecosystem conditions besides can enable spread of invasive species through both range enlargement and creative activity of home grounds and conditions suited for freshly introduced invasive species. Research on clime alteration and invasive species is limited ; nevertheless, many surveies on possible climate-change impacts to aquatic systems and AIS exist ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . Consequence of clime alteration on aquatic invasive species AIS can do broad scope of ecological impacts, including loss of native biodiversity, altered home grounds, alterations in H2O chemical science, altered biogeochemical procedures, hydrological alterations, and altered nutrient webs ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . Gritti in Hellmann ( 2008 ) noted that due to its pervasiveness and possible consequence on cardinal biological procedure, clime alteration will interact with other bing stressor to impact distribution, spread, copiousness and impact of invasive species. Altered conditions such as increased atmospheric C dioxide, modified precipitation governments, warming ocean and coastal currents, increased ambient temperature, and altered nitrogen distribution can increase invasive species success in some contexts. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation governments are likely to hold larger effects on AIS than increasing degrees of C dioxide ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . In general, figure 1 shows classification of aquatic system features that will be altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact invasive species. Figure 1. Features of aquatic system that will altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact invasive species ( Rahel, 2008 ) As identified by several researches mentioned supra, there are many altered status which perchance influence AIS ; nevertheless, this paper will merely concentrate to reexamine the consequence on AIS by altered thermic government. Consequence of altered thermic government on aquatic invasive species Since most aquatic beings are poikilothermic, temperature is of import in their physiology, bionenergetics, behaviour, and biogeography. Warmer clime will spread out the geographic countries with suited temperatures for warmwater aquaculture, tropical fish civilization, and out-of-door H2O gardens ( Rahel, 2008 ) . For illustration, McCauley in Rahel ( 2008 ) identified that optimum temperatures for aquaculture of mudcat are projected to travel 240 km northerly in the southeasterly US for every 1i‚ °C addition in average one-year air temperature. Change in likeliness of invasive species that will be established besides caused by H2O temperatures warmwith climate alteration. Fish are frequently classified into thermic clubs based on temperature tolerance. Coldwater temperatures can be viewed as a filter that prevents warmwater-adapted species from set uping self-sufficient populations. This filter is decreasing, and warmwater species could distribute to new countries ( Rahel, 2008 ) . Warming H2O temperatures may besides do thermic lake stratification governments, ensuing in earlier commixture and phytoplankton blooms that may change zooplankton development. Changes to timing of zooplankton reproduction and/or copiousness could prefer certain species over others and have possible negative effects for aquatic ecosystems ( Winder in US-EPA, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Rahel ( 2008 ) province that â€Å" altered thermic governments could intercede the impacts of established non-native species on native species through displacements in competitory laterality between native and nonnative species, increased ingestion of native quarry species by non-native marauders, or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. † Water temperature raise their nutrient ingestion rate until thermally nerve-racking conditions are reached. This status could amplify impacts of non-native marauders on native quarry species. Marcogliese in Rahel ( 2008 ) besides conclude that clime heating may increase virulency of nonnative parasites and pathogens to native species through leting disease beings finishing their life rhythm more quickly and achieve higher population densenesss. Another consequence of warming temperatures may be an addition in figure of sexual versus nonsexual generative periods for works species, ensuing in increased rates of spread. Diaz-Amela in US-EPA ( 2008 ) associated the blossoming rhythms of a Mediterranean seagrass to warming H2O temperatures. Rahel ( 2008 ) examined that most researcher focal point on how climate alteration will increase figure and badness of invasions. However, in specific instance, positive consequence in diminishing AIS besides exist ; for illustration, some invasive coldwater species may be unable to prevail under new clime conditions. However, since clime alteration has high possibility to alter ecosystems, the influence of clime alteration should be taking into consideration in finding sensing and control steps to pull off the menaces. Measures There are several steps sing Invasive species. It should be start with national scheme and supported by international co-operation. Then, early sensing and schemes for obliteration, containment, control and extenuation through mechanical, biological and chemical method should be developed ( GISP, 2001 ) . Sing clime alteration influence, supervising study can supply foundation for measuring combine effects of clime alteration and invasion by supplying baseline biotic and environmental status, though public-service corporation of a study depends whether the consequence are quantitative or qualitative, and other design consideration ( Lee, 2008 ) . Although clime alteration is planetary graduated table procedure, it has diverse regional manifestation. Ecological impact normally has local features and varies from topographic point to topographic point ( Committee, 2008 ) . To forestall farther effect that might be occurred, more research in each specific location should be conducted to explicate steps that can be taken sing this mater. There are several ongoing control plans for AIS that besides should be review related to climate alteration. For illustration, in instance of mechanical harvest home and weedkillers which used to command Eurasiatic watermilfoil in the littoral zone of lakes, and scouring or molluscicides which used to forestall clogging of H2O intake pipes by zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes, warmer H2O temperatures could let these and other invasive species to get down growing earlier in the twelvemonth and maintain growing subsequently into the autumn. Therefore, dearly-won control actions would necessitate to be implemented more often. Review besides have to be done for migration barrier building or step with cut downing solar input into watercourses by increasing shadowing from riparian flora ( Rahel, 2008 ) . Decision Human has contributed in doing clime alteration and AIS job. Measures have been developing to get the better of economic, environment and human wellness job caused by AIS. Since clime alteration has high possibility to alter ecosystem, it is an of import thing to see influence of clime alteration in pull offing hazard of AIS. Specifically, altered thermic government cause by clime alteration has altered pathway, change the likeliness of AIS constitution and switch competitory laterality between native and nonnative species or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. Therefore, these alterations should be integrated in schemes for sensing, obliteration, containment, control and extenuation of AIS.

Reverence for Life Essay

At the height of his career, Albert Schweitzer was considered one of the most influential men of his time. He inspired millions of people with his speeches of revelations of life and how fulfilling a human’s life can be. Decades later after his death, we look at the world and what is taking place. Amongst the some good on this planet, we still see destruction, death, and corrupt politics [at the very least in the United States]. In 3rd world countries where there are war motivated nations, along with other countries potentially bad ethics, perhaps it is time to reflect on Schweitzer’s words and thoughts during his life. In Africa, where humans and animals fight for their lives, is when Schweitzer had a revelation and came up with a philosophy that would change the way we look at the world. He accomplished this with 3 simple words, Reverence for Life. After coming up with this phrase on a boat journey up stream through the hearth of Africa, he came invented an entirely new philosophy. In its simplest form, Reverence for Life means that we as living creatures on planet Earth, are only sure that we want to live and keep on living. This is something that we share with everything else that lives whether it be, plants, animals, insects, etc. Because of this, anyone or animal or plant that lives on this planet is connected by this one amazing thing. Nothing, whether be race, skin tone, religion, should be more important than this will to live. The world has evolved through millions of years to bring and support life. Every living thing on the planet or even non-living is supported by the Earth. The difference between humans and the rest of all the living organisms is that we humans are the only species that recognize this. This revelation is very important to humans since we have the ability to destroy life or neglect life, even to cause suffering and death. Needless to say, humans have some responsibility here. It is true that some suffering and death is unavoidable. For example, killing cattle for food, or trees for wood. Even vegans or vegetarians must kill living plants for food. Reverence for Life is simply saying we must be aware of what we are doing. We must be aware of what we are doing, 9 simple words that have such a deep and meaningful impact on everything and anything we humans are doing. Politics has good and negative impacts on society. How we change the environment can have positive or negative impacts on not only humans, but the entire living world as well. Sometimes, we can be blinded on the bigger picture when we alter environment, for simple reasons such as shelter, money or greed. One very clear example of this is clear cutting. It is true that humans need shelter. But we must be conscious when we begin clear cutting millions of acres of trees in rainforests or other places. After taking classes like environmental science, one really gains an appreciation for the environment and how even minor changes to a small environment, can have detrimental consequences to the rest of the world. In the case of clear cutting, not only are thousands of species dying but surrounding environments change as well. Less oxygen for the world, more co2 in the atmosphere due to lack of trees eating the co2 is just one example of how the entire planet can be affected. This is just one tiny example but raises good points. When humans make a decision to say, clear cut trees, we must look at the bigger picture on how this is going to affect us. And we can learn from these decisions as well, maybe find an alternative source to wood to build houses or build desks made of wood. For Schweitzer, even the smallest form of life is incredibly important. The ethical person goes out of his way to avoid injuring anything that is living; he doesn’t tear leaves from trees or step on insects. He rescues worms stranded on a sidewalk after a rain. Schweitzer ethics say a person should be reluctant and think before going and do something simple as shatter ice. As some may say these ethics are a little extreme, but possibly we could learn from this to help us think of the bigger picture before humans go on with an action or a decision. This can apply in not just nature but in other aspects as well. Aspects such as governments, in Africa for example. Africa is one the most devastated continent on the planet. Suffering from war, famine, murders, genocide, and more one can’t help but think why it is like that and how it can be fixed. For one, before humans got there none of this was going on. We can only blame ourselves as humans for the action happening overseas. As governments are the leaders and decision makers of countries in Africa, it is there responsibility along with the rest of the human population to be aware what is happening in Africa and start working more aggressively to fix these problems. This being said, I agree with Albert Schweitzer Reverence for Life ethics. We must take responsibility for what we do when we take water from a stream, cook and clean with the water being taken, when we kill an animal, or when we as humans kill other humans. The key concept here is being aware of what is going on in our surroundings. Life is tender and amazing. Science tells us that the Earth is a very powerful yet sensitive planet. When we alter the planet or take form the planet, it is vital to be aware of re-actions to our actions so to speak. After all this floating ball of rock in space is providing everything we need to support life. Perhaps it is wise to take care and protect the limited resources and re-newable resources this planet provides us. Whatever it maybe, we have good reason to feel reverence for each other, other living things, and our planet and its contents.

Taxation in the United States

Taxation in the United States Introduction Payments of taxes in the US are made up of four levels, which can make the whole system a complex matter. The tax code of the US is possibly the most composite compared with other countries, and each day the Congress includes additional pages for tax regulation. These four levels normally include federal government, state government, regional government and local government (Economicwatch.com).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Taxation in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The forms of tax levied at every government level vary partly as a result of constitutional restrictions; income tax, for instance, is levied at state and federal government levels. Property taxes are normally levied only at local government level, though there might be numerous local jurisdictions which levy similar properties. Various state governments as well as federal government impose excise taxes while the local and state governments impose sales taxes, it is only the federal government that imposes the tariffs or custom duties (Economicwatch.com). Other various taxes like the licence fees are also imposed (Economicwatch.com). Taxes are normally levied on the natural persons (individuals), estates, business entities, trusts or any other types of organization. US taxes are based on income, property, business activity, importation of products, transactions, or other things and are normally levied on the relevant taxpayer for whom these factors are relevant. For instance, property owners are levied property taxes, individuals and business activities are levied income taxes; with some exceptions, one government level cannot impose taxes on the other government level. The subsequent section of this paper will focus on the US’s Federal taxation. Historical overview of taxation in US Ever since 1862 disbursing income tax to the federal government was made compulsory in the US. This was impo rtant in order to fund Civil War during that time, all the income level above $600 was taxed at a 3% income tax rate and a 5% tax rate was taxed in case the income was more than $10,000 (Economicwatch.com). But these rates were amended in 1864, and in the fiscal year 1895 the Supreme Court changed property taxes and affirmed that any income from the property would be taxed. Currently, a range of Federal government activities are financed by income earned from personal and corporate income taxes. In the past, these activities were funded by tariffs, but presently tariffs play an irrelevant role in offering financial support for the Federal government activities (Economicwatch.com).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tax code There is a tax code in the US’s taxation that is commonly called Internal Revenue Code of 1986; the main objective of this code is to coll ect revenues. In addition, the code is used to fulfil the social, economic and political objectives of the Federal government (Economicwatch.com). Tax progressivity The taxation system in the US is progressive, this means that as income increases the tax also increases meaning the taxpayer with superior income pays huge amount of taxes as well as superior tax rates. For instance, an individual earning $120,000 per year may pay 25% of his/her income as tax ($30,000 as total tax per year), while another individual earning $50,000 per annum may only pay at rate of 10% ($5,000 as tax per year) (Roach 11). The system of tax may also be proportional or regressive; a regressive system of tax is one when the tax paid decreases and an individual income increases at the same time; a proportional system of tax means that all taxpayers pay equal tax rate in spite of their income level (Roach 11). There are a number of reasons why the government uses progressive system of tax. First, this system represents an idea that those having high incomes must pay more taxes as a result of their superior capability to pay taxes without any crucial sacrifices. Second, the system addresses some economic inequalities existing in the society. The inequality is lessened through the use of high tax rate for those individuals with high income levels and a lower rate for those with low income levels (Roach 12). Finally, the system of progressive tax may yield a certain public income level with the smallest amount of economic impact. For instance, if there is a tax cut of $100, the individuals with low income may spend the whole amount in purchasing services and goods while the high income earners may spend a proportion of the $100 on services and goods and invest or save the rest. The saved or invested amount does not include additional demand level for services or goods in the economy. Thus, collecting more taxes from high earners maintains a superior and effective demand as well as more ac tivity in the economy (Roach 12). Residency status In order to file tax return in the US an individual must determine whether he/she is a non-resident or resident for tax purposes. Thus, if an individual is a non-resident and resident in one year, he/she is an alien with dual status, which means special rules are applied.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Taxation in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The description of a resident for the purpose of taxes is completely different from the immigration status; this is because one may qualify to be a resident for the purpose of taxes, but still remain to be an alien for immigration purposes (Carter 1). A non-resident files a particular tax form and pays the tax only on the income earned in the US and he/she is subjected to particular rates where one may qualify for the treaty exemptions. On the other hand, US residents for the purpose of taxes are subject ed to similar rules and thus file similar forms as US citizens. This means that the worldwide income is reported instead of just incomes from the US sources (Carter 1). The US has treaties on the income tax with various foreign nations. In these treaties, foreign nations’ citizens resident in the US are levied at a lower rate or may be exempted from the income taxes of the US on specific items of the income they earn from sources. These decreased rates as well as exemptions differ amongst the nations and particular items of the income. In case a specific type of income is not covered by the treaty, or there exists no treaty between one nation and the US, the individual should pay tax on his/her income in similar manner and similar rate as shown in Form 1040NR’s instructions. Treaties on taxes decrease the tax paid by the foreign nations’ citizens resident in US; with specific exceptions, these treaties do not decrease taxes levied on the residents or US citizens (Unclefed.com). Advantages and disadvantages The benefits of levying tax on income are several; Individuals are levied depending on their total earnings, therefore individuals who earn less in theory pay a smaller amount of tax on their earnings. Individuals do not consume at equal rate, thus tax on incomes is an equitable manner of evaluating tax compared with the consumption tax. Individuals with lower levels of earnings would be mainly affected by direct tax on the consumption, because even essential things such as motor vehicles would considerably be more expensive. Earnings are a simple way to impose taxes as well as decide deductions. Whilst individuals may contend with a small number of pay stumps they ought to save, in the consumption tax, individuals may save the receipts for each acquisition they made throughout the year so as to qualify for tax breaks (Wisegeek.com). On the other hand, taxation disadvantages include; first, the tax collection on the income is mainly th ought to be harder than consumption tax that would be taxed at particular sale’s point. Second, taxation on income puts the lower class and middle class individuals on financial hardship, in spite of the total amount of income.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, some individuals deem that the tax on the income is an infringement of the individual freedom of citizens. Particularly Libertarians contend that income tax infringes the right of the individual to make a decision on how to utilize the money that one receives. Finally, individuals reimbursed â€Å"under the table† might be capable of evading payment of the income taxes (Wisegeek.com). Conclusion Income tax is the main federal tax followed by the taxes on social insurance. The equality of federal tax is a significant issue in the system of the US taxation. The income tax is one of the major progressive constituents of the US system of tax and other types of taxes such as social insurance and sales taxes are normally regressive. Economicwatch.com. US Taxation, Taxation in United States, 2010. Web. Roach, Benard. â€Å"Progressive and Regressive Taxation in the United States: Who’s really paying (and not paying) their fair share?† 2003. Global Development E nvironment Institute, Working Paper No. 03-10. Unclefed.com. US Tax Treaties, 2006. Web. Wisegeek.com. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a tax on earnings? 2011. Web.

Duties Essay Example

Duties Essay Example Duties Essay Duties Essay Duties Name: Course: Institution: Lecturer: Date: Duties Organizations and institutions are governed by internal policies and regulations that stipulate the various actions and responsibilities that are supposed to be executed by the various organizations’ staff. The various procedures and policies are meant to streamline the various activities and eliminate redundancy in the process. Every staff is supposed to be briefed on the various company policies and regulations upon employment. One such policy for a university is that any inappropriate behavior be reported to the immediate supervisor. 1. It is unfortunate that the head coach was terminated because of not following the school policy. This is instead of reporting the incident to his immediate supervisor, who in this case is the athletics director, ended up reporting the matter to the vice president. This is in contrast to the school policy, which dictates that he only reports to the athletics director alone. Again, if both, the vive-president and the athletics director did not act on the information and just let the case pass, it could also be assumed that the head coach failed in reporting the matter if the two ended up denying it. a) The head football coach owes duty to his immediate supervisor who in this case is the athletics director. This is because it is the athletics director’s responsibility to employ coaches. Although the vice president is also superior to the head coach, he is not directly involved in the affairs of the football team and thus sports may not be his immediate docket. This leaves the athletics director as the sole person who the head coach owes duty. 2. The graduate assistant was not charged with anything because he followed the school protocol. On witnessing the inappropriate behavior between the assistant football coach and the minor, he proceeded to report the matter to the head football coach. With this regard, it is evident that he followed the school policy and thus does not have any case to answer (Kimball, 1997). a) The graduate assistant did not violate any fiduciary relationship since he reported the matter to the head coach after witnessing the incident. b) A fiduciary relationship in legal terms refers to a relationship based on trust or confidence vested by one individual in the integrity and fidelity of another. The fiduciary is supposed to disregard personal interest and always act for the benefit of the client. With this regard, if the graduate assistant works for the football team, then he is in a fiduciary relationship with the head coach and is supposed to work in the best interest of the head coach. 3. Respondent superior indicates that the employer is responsible for the actions of the employees. Respondent superior, when applied to physical torts, is the relationship between the employer and the employee that has to be first established. The employee has to be directly employed by the organization and thus is not on an independent contract and thereby bringing about vicarious liability. Since the act was committed within the time and tenure of the assistant coach, the school administration bore full responsibility for the inappropriate behavior. In this case, the university administration would have to take responsibility for the inappropriate behavior evidenced by the assistant coach. 4. In the event I witnessed this or received information from an intern regarding inappropriate behavior, I would first analyze if there is any fiduciary relationship that I am supposed to honor. This will dictate in whose interest I am supposed to act. If there is no fiduciary relationship then the matter is to be reported to the immediate supervisor in the case I am not vested with the authority of judging such a case (Kimball, 1997). References: Kimball, L. (1997). Managing Virtual Teams. Toronto, Canada: Federated Press.

Should I choose online or classroom SAT prep

Should I choose online or classroom SAT prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Like most things in life, the answer to this question is: it depends. In this case, it depends on what kind of learner you are, what your schedule looks like, how quickly you need to beef up your skills, and how much you (or your parents) want to pay. Online education is still young, trying to find its footing as technologies become more sophisticated and people become more connected to the internet 24/7. And SAT prep is also entering a phase of speedy evolution, as theCollege Boardannounced recently that willprovide free preparation for theredesigned testthat begins in the Spring of 2016. But if the College Board’s record for (lack of) transparency is any indication, the prep they provide will be incomplete at best. They've been providing "College Board Official Prep" for decades and certain students benefit from more than that. After all, their job is to present questions that can’t be â€Å"tricked†! So it’s important to keep on top of all your options, as you only have to take the test once if you prepare well. Like it or not, the SAT is probably an important factor in the direction of your post-high school life. A quick comparison of online and classroom SAT prep: Online Classroom where wherever you want major cities when whenever you want late (average weekday start time 7pm) or early (average weekend start time 8am) setting home, library, your choice high school and college classrooms customization fully customized algorithmic program* none timed practice 10 full practice tests* none (no time!) program design self-paced pre-planned (if you get sick, too bad!) upgrades every 2 weeks when the test changes (approx. every 10 years) progress tracking constant and precise none instructor availability 24/7 during class time (about 3-6 hours per week) feedback constant and updated very little *with PrepScholar When Classroom is Better: Of course, there are advantages to traditional classroom instruction that are difficult to quantify. There are some types of students who will do well in a classroom setting: students who require the presence of an authority figure to get anything done students who enjoy the high school experience students who aren’t much higher or lower than the average ability of the class students who are willing to ask every single question they have students who prefer pen-and-paper work to online work If you or your student(s) fall into a few of these categories, you may want to consider classroom preparation. But most students don’t. Obviously, online SAT prep has a ton of advantagesand its abilities are expanding every day. The bottom line is that most proponents of classroom teaching don’t know what technology is capable of. Most educators, in high schools and big prep companies, are middle-aged or older. Their experience with technology is limited at best. PrepScholar (time to toot our own horn!) is founded and staffed entirely by people who have been using computers our whole lives. The company was founded on the principle that technology can provide enriching, compelling educational experiences and we are constantly working to push the boundaries of what we can deliver. We aren’t the least biased authority on the advantages of online test prep, but we may be the best informed. Next Up: Should you take the New SAT or Old SAT? And if you found this interesting or helpful, sign up to the right to stay updated on the topics we think SAT preppers and their parents might find useful. Also, get our FREE SAT guide!

Abortion survivors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion survivors - Essay Example The feelings of guilt resulting from a failed abortion determine the likely hood of allowing the continuance of the pregnancy. The paper will address some of the issues that abortion survivors have had to go through. Life surpasses the right to becoming pregnant. Gianna Jessen failed an abortion attempt when the mother was seven and a half months pregnant. Following the failed attempt, Gianna Jessen was delivered and adopted by a caring family and is currently an activist against the abortion of unborn children (Jessen). Sarah Smith is another survivor who lost her twin brother following an abortion attempt. Both Sarah and Jessen have had a life that has directly affected the birth mothers who are haunted by the guilt for causing so much pain and grief to their children (Smith). The decision to abort Gianna was made because her mother was only seventeen years old during the pregnancy and the economic costs scared her. Sarah’s mother was also afraid of raising another child since she already had five children. The failed pregnancies resulted in two inspirational women who the world needs to inspire people by making better life decisions. The trauma associated with a failed abortion. Melissa Ohden was born following a failed saline infusion abortion. When she was born, the doctors had a notation that she was only around thirty-one weeks into her gestation. The doctors were concerned that her ability to survive was limited and if she did the quality of life she would experience would be full of uncertainties. Currently, Melisa has developed into a healthy woman who is always searching for answers on why the mother wanted to abort her. Melissa discovered that she was an abortion survivor from her adopting parents while she was fourteen and since then her life changed drastically. The psychological torture and the unanswered questions affect her in varying degrees (Ohden). Jessen expresses

Vendoline Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Vendoline Company - Case Study Example The management of the organization has invested in excellent service delivery and innovation in meeting the consumer demands. The company is located in Turkey and has a national and international presence in sections of Middle East and Europe. The company is valued at $393, 338. It has a traffic rank of over 500,000 in Europe. As a service provider, Vendoline Company has determined what the consumers expect. The top level management has been investing in real-time access of customers to information like prices and terms of delivery. My role was to ensure that web hosting management systems were functional and effective. I was coordinating a team of IT experts who were had direct contacts with customers. This enabled me to assess the effectiveness of the organizational management practices and systems in the company. Problem statement How can organizational performance in technology-based organizations be enhanced? Technological companies are faced by the challenge of rapidly changing external environments. The management has focused on external competition and environment and failed to invest in the internal competencies of the organization. This has compromised excellence in service delivery. There is a need to research on the factors that affect quality and organizational performance in technology based organizations.... Modern organizations are directly connected to technological systems that affect their performance and appeal to the clients (Andres, 2001). The company has strategic plans to increase reliance on technological innovations in future. Organizations face resistance to change from employees. Technological organizations must be flexible while implementing models. Globalization is forcing many technological organizations to keep reviewing their strategies (Gouge, 2003). This aims at enhancing the capacity of innovations in a bid to remain relevant and competitive in a technologically driven market (Cameron & Green, 2004). The field of technology is advancing as more efficient and powerful discoveries enter the market. Organizations dealing with technological matters are faced with bigger pressure than the rest (Rapp, 2002). The reason is occasioned by the need to upgrade the technological capabilities and remain competitive. On the converse, the technological companies are faced by the th reat to become obsolete (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). The technological innovations are known to have a profound effect on the market. Organizational leadership must be professional, pro-active and visionary in order to keep the technological momentum and remain market leaders (Gouge, 2003). Technological organizations need strategic leadership and management. The management of technological organizations like Vendoline Company needs to either innovate internal technology that can alter the trends in the market. They can also procure external knowledge or expertise. This can happen through outsources or partnerships of strategic nature (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). Internal innovation for technological companies is preferable

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Paper - Essay Example According to Yallop, although the official cause of sudden death was disclosed by the Vatican as heart attack, he allegedly uncovered information that revealed otherwise. Apparently, it was theorized that the pope was allegedly poisoned for reasons that range from uncovering anomalies in running and operating the Vatican Bank; as well as in his bold planned to end strict prohibition in the use of artificial birth control, one of the firm Catholic dogmas conservatively retained through the years. The book comprised of seven chapters where the first six were presented to provide an effective overview of Albino Luciani’s background, the kind of man he truly is, and the alleged facts surrounding operating the Vatican Bank (Yallop, 2007). Chapter 5 was devoted to the pope’s 33 days as Pontiff and leading to the fateful night when he was allegedly poisoned. Yallop specifically inferred that six men (Marcincus, Villot, Calvi, Sindona, and Gelli) connived to orchestrate the pop e’s death, to wit: â€Å"I am equally convinced that one of these six men had, by the early evening of September 28th, 1978, already initiated a course of action to resolve the problems that Albino Luciani’s Papacy was posing. One of these men was at the very heart of a conspiracy that applied a uniquely Italian solution† (Yallop, 2007, p. xxiv). ... The contents were highly sensitive leaning towards suggesting the possibility of murder, connivance, and cover-ups within the strict confines of the Pope’s chamber – surely one of the most guarded global institutions given the authority and power relegated to the position occupying it. Likewise, the risks included tarnishing the writer’s reputation in case that his allegations were effectively proven wrong; as well as the reputation of the Vatican, the Catholic organization which Yallop alleged was filled with anomalous transactions and shielded from public scrutiny. Apparently, the effect of the risk taking endeavor by Yallop yielded beneficial and rewarding results for him in terms of generating as much as 6,000,000 copies sold of the book (Yallop, 2007). Despite the optimistic side of his risk-taking pursuit, he was criticized for the veracity, credibility and reliability in the contents of his writing. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Damia n Thomson’s review of Yallop’s writing indicated that â€Å"Rome dismissed his book as trash†¦ Then along came John Cornwell, an 'independent' author unsympathetic to the Vatican, who checked out Yallop's case. It crumbled into dust like an ancient parchment exposed to sunlight. The 'murder' of John Paul turned out to be just another conspiracy theory, glued together with innuendo and non sequiturs. Cornwell's book A Thief in the Night, which demonstrated that John Paul I had died of natural causes, left Yallop's theory looking jolly silly† (Thompson, 2007, pars. 1 & 2). In the most current article referring to the official statement on the cause of Pope

Indian banking industry Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Indian banking industry - Dissertation Example The intention of this study is the banking industry of India. The introduction of the banking concept is attributed to the medieval Florence in the year 1937. Medici, a powerful and renowned merchant family, introduced networking system in shops through which people can easily deposit and withdraw their money from different cities. It provided the people with the facilitation of easy transfer of money while avoiding carrying large amount of cash while traveling. Initially banks in India were dealing only with the financing activities. The overall history of the Indian banking industry have seen the ears of Presidency banks, to Imperial Bank of India, and lastly to the State Bank of India. During different time periods the banking sector of India has been facing a volatile environment and because of this there have been shift from majority of private ownership to nationalism and now it is moving towards the greater liberalization. The government knows that there is an important role o f private and foreign players in the banking industry as there is huge competition. During the period of evolution the banking industry of India has witnessed immense development in terms of regulations, new and unique products and services offered which facilitate people and attract them towards itself, ownership structure and the technology deployed. Nowadays Indian banks are continuously focusing on the introduction of new services offered in order to meet their customer expectations. The challenges and opportunities being faced by the Indian banks in this regard, consists of rural market, management of risks, customer expectation, transparency, environmental concerns, social and ethical issues, global banking, growth in banking sector, human factor, customer and employee retentions. The biggest challenge is to reach the mass market of India. First of all, the banks have to focus and understand the customer and then have to design products and services according to their needs (K umbhar, 2011). Nowadays, consumer demands mobile banking, internet banking and ATM services because consumer is very well aware of each and everything and their expectations and demands have increased as compare to previous years. For this reason, banking industry in India is going towards differentiation, product innovation and technology innovation. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: The following are the aims and objectives of the study To analyze the evolution of IT in the Banking industry of India To analyze how IT has influenced the banking industry of India BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW: Banking is one of the oldest professions of the world and has gone through various transitions with the passage of time and developments. One of the key developments in the recent years, that has changed Indian banking sector tremendously, is the evolution of IT sector in banking industry of India, due to which today banking has become an easy to do

Phase 4 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Assignment Example My career aspiration is to manage the Administrative Staff over the Emergency Department and Main Admitting Area of the hospital I work at. Hospital is a place where the patients are your first preference. My job would be to oversee full-time, part-time and PRN employees who handle several different roles within the Department. Being a manager I would assign tasks to the related employees and every employee would update me with the performance status. This would be a straightforward projects management which will occur as the situation arises. Project management mostly helps for the work done effectively, but in a hospital efficient working is required. So the project management does not seem to be very helpful to be used for the job of managing administrative staff under an emergency situation (Pmi.org) I would also handle the projects that decide upon how to use the budget for new hire training, quarterly meetings, training when new procedures and policies are put into effect, and how to provide awards and recognition for my employees. Use of project management technique would be appropriate for such projects. This would help me to meet the dead line for meetings, effectively allocation of resources, adopting the appropriate methods for trainings for assessing the performance of my employees. The first step in project management is to develop a project plan. The project plan gives us a guideline to follow and helps to measure the project related risks. It includes the process that should be followed to meet the customer requirements (Hyperthot.com). A project plan specifies that when, how, how much and by whom what task would be performed. Project planning helps to manage the risk and to reduce its effect on the desired outcome. It also helps to assess the problems that may arise in the future during processing and gives directions for problem solving. Project planning requires a lot of time and efforts. In an emergency department at a hospital, a does not ha ve much time to think and evaluate the options. Quick and straight decisions are to be made as the situation arises. Under an emergency situation a manager has to manage all the employees and their activities sharply without any delays. It would not be better to wait for a plan to be completed when we need the solution urgently. The other managing jobs like decisions regarding using the budget, quarterly meetings and training for the new procedures and policies may have time to write a project plan (Projectconnections.com).Project planning would be useful for new hiring and their training. It would help to cut the budgets when required and to use them efficiently when there will be some new procedure and polices to put into effect. Project planning makes the instructions easy for employees they would know what steps are to be followed when and this would help to improve the administrative activities of organization. Project management is a time consuming process. It involves lot of paper work and brainstorming. When it is not done in a proper manner it may give the unexpected bad results. An organization doing the project management

BUS law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

BUS law - Essay Example er who is in a vehicle that is legally stopped for traffic violation, as long as the officer has reason to believe that the passenger is armed and dangerous (Richardson 525). This is the standard that is applied to an officer’s pat down passenger during a traffic stop. The stop starts the moment a vehicle is pulled over by police officers for the purpose of investigation following a traffic violation. During the stop the police officers present may lawfully seize the occupants of the vehicle for the entire duration of the stop (526). There is no search warrant required in conducting a pat down during a traffic stop. The search and pat down can proceed solely on the basis of probable cause provided the police officer reasonably suspects that the passenger may be armed and dangerous (525). If the suspicion is short of probable cause, it would not be sufficient to warrant a search on the driver or passenger because that would be infringing on their personal rights and freedoms which are protected by the constitution (536). Richardson, Mark R. The Vulnerable Passenger: An Analysis of the Constitutionality of Terry Frisking Vehicle Passengers Not Suspected of Criminal Activity in Arizona v. Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781 (2009), 89 Neb. L. Rev. (2010) Available at:

Phase 4 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Assignment Example My career aspiration is to manage the Administrative Staff over the Emergency Department and Main Admitting Area of the hospital I work at. Hospital is a place where the patients are your first preference. My job would be to oversee full-time, part-time and PRN employees who handle several different roles within the Department. Being a manager I would assign tasks to the related employees and every employee would update me with the performance status. This would be a straightforward projects management which will occur as the situation arises. Project management mostly helps for the work done effectively, but in a hospital efficient working is required. So the project management does not seem to be very helpful to be used for the job of managing administrative staff under an emergency situation (Pmi.org) I would also handle the projects that decide upon how to use the budget for new hire training, quarterly meetings, training when new procedures and policies are put into effect, and how to provide awards and recognition for my employees. Use of project management technique would be appropriate for such projects. This would help me to meet the dead line for meetings, effectively allocation of resources, adopting the appropriate methods for trainings for assessing the performance of my employees. The first step in project management is to develop a project plan. The project plan gives us a guideline to follow and helps to measure the project related risks. It includes the process that should be followed to meet the customer requirements (Hyperthot.com). A project plan specifies that when, how, how much and by whom what task would be performed. Project planning helps to manage the risk and to reduce its effect on the desired outcome. It also helps to assess the problems that may arise in the future during processing and gives directions for problem solving. Project planning requires a lot of time and efforts. In an emergency department at a hospital, a does not ha ve much time to think and evaluate the options. Quick and straight decisions are to be made as the situation arises. Under an emergency situation a manager has to manage all the employees and their activities sharply without any delays. It would not be better to wait for a plan to be completed when we need the solution urgently. The other managing jobs like decisions regarding using the budget, quarterly meetings and training for the new procedures and policies may have time to write a project plan (Projectconnections.com).Project planning would be useful for new hiring and their training. It would help to cut the budgets when required and to use them efficiently when there will be some new procedure and polices to put into effect. Project planning makes the instructions easy for employees they would know what steps are to be followed when and this would help to improve the administrative activities of organization. Project management is a time consuming process. It involves lot of paper work and brainstorming. When it is not done in a proper manner it may give the unexpected bad results. An organization doing the project management

Citation and Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Citation and Organizational Structure Essay Many Americans have questioned whether fighting a full-scale war against China or a war of containment was the best policy for fighting the Korean War. Using the Internet, library, and other sources, research how Truman and MacArthur differed over strategy in fighting the Korean War. After analyzing each position, determine whether Truman or MacArthur had the best strategy. In an essay of approximately 350-400 words: †¢ State why you believe Truman or MacArthur had the best strategy in fighting the Korean War. †¢ Give your reasons and arguments for the position you have chosen and make your arguments as convincing as possible. Does it appear to you that either strategy is based upon biblical principles? In what way and which principles are given expression by the policy or strategy? __________________ Remember to use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling when typing your essay. Remember, all projects must follow the Academys guidelines concerning plagiarism and MLA formatting for the citation of sources. Source citation will be graded based on the following: †¢ Did the student include parenthetical citations with in the body of his/her report any time he/she summarized or quoted a source? Are the parenthetical citations in proper format (MLA)? †¢ Is the works cited page in proper format (MLA)? Because it is very important to avoid even unintentional copying, any project submitted without a works cited page (when one is necessary) will be returned to you in order for you to add it. You will then need to resubmit the project for grading after you have added the works cited page. You can refer to the Academy’s document on MLA format, found on the Academy’s online resource center www. aoacademy. com/resources, for additional assistance. Notice Wikipedia is not an acceptable source for any Academy project and may not be used. Contributors to Wikipedia sometimes plagiarize other sources or submit erroneous information. Be sure to use primary sources and cite your sources in accepted MLA (Modern Language Association) format. Go to â€Å"Citing Sources† in our online Resource Center for help. Projects will be graded according to a rubric which measures six important traits essential to good writing. Your teacher will use the rubric below to score aspects of each trait giving a best score of 5, or a lowest score of 1, or something in between. Once your teacher has scored each trait he/she will convert rubric scores to the Academy grade scale. Please study the chart below so to understand how to improve your writing and your project scores. Six Traits + 1 Rubric |Trait |5 |3 |1 | |Ideas: The main message of the |This paper is clear and focused. It |The writer is beginning to define |The paper has no clear sense of | |piece, the topic, with supporting |holds the reader’s attention. the topic, even though development |purpose or central theme. The | |details that enrich and develop that|Relevant anecdotes and details enrich|is still basic or general. |reader must make inferences based | |topic. |the central theme. | |on sketchy or missing details. | | | | | | | |1. The paper is on the topic |1. The writer strays off topic |1. The writer has not written on | | |assigned, or one of the options, and |2. Support with details is |the assigned topic or options | | |focused. |attempted. |given. | | |2. Relevant, quality details go |3. Writer has difficulty going from|2. Information is unclear or the | | |beyond the obvious. |general observations about the |length is not adequate for | | |3. Writing from knowledge or |topic to specifics. |development. | | |experience; ideas are fresh and |4. The reader is left with |3. Simply a restatement of the | | |original. |questions. |instructions. | | |4. Reader’s questions are anticipated| |4. The writing may be dis- | | |and answered. |connected, repetitious, and include| | | | |random thoughts. | | | | |Student did not comply to teacher | | | | |request for changes. | |Organization: The internal |The organizational structure of this |The organizational structure is The writing lacks a clear sense of | |structure, thread of central |paper enhances and showcases the |strong enough to move the reader |direction | |meaning, logical, and sometimes |central idea or theme of the paper. |through the text without too much | | |intriguing pattern or sequence of | |confusion. |1. No real lead or conclusion | |ideas. |1. An introduction draws the reader | |present. | | |in; a conclusion leaves the reader |1. The paper has a recognizable |2. Connections between ideas, if | | |with a sense of closure and |introduction and conclusion. |present, are confusing. | | |resolution. |2. Transitions sometimes work. |3. Sequencing needs work. | | |2. Thoughtful transitions connect |3. Sequencing shows some logic, yet|4. Problems with organizational | | |ideas. |structure takes attention away from|structure make it hard for the | | |3. Sequencing is logical and |the content. |reader to get a grip on the main | | |effective. |4. Organizational structure |point or story line. Little or no | | |4. Organizational structure is |sometimes supports the main point |evidence of paragraphing present. | | |appropriate for purpose/audience; |or story line, with an attempt at |Student did not comply to teacher | | |paragraphing is effective. |paragraphing. request for changes. | |Voice: The unique perspective of the|The writer of this paper speaks |The writer seems sincere, but not |The writer seems uninvolved with | |writer evident in the piece; or |directly to the reader in a manner |fully engaged or involved. The |the topic, disinterested in the | |sustained use of the voice or |that is individual, engaging, and |result is passable, but not well |audience, and oblivious of the | |perspective called for in the |respectful for the audience. |focused on the audience. |instructions. | |instructions. | | | | |1. Purpose is reflec ted by content |1. Attempts to include content and |1. Purpose is unclear. | | |and arrangement of ideas. |arrangement of ideas to reflect |2. Expository or persuasive writing| | |2. Expository or persuasive writing |purpose. |is mechanical, showing no | | |reflects understanding and commitment|2. Expository or persuasive writing|engagement with the topic. | |to topic. |lacks consistent engagement with |3. Narrative writing lacks | | |3. Narrative writing is honest, |topic. |development of a point of view. | | |personal, and engaging. |3. Narrative writing reflects |. 4. Made no attempt to write from | | |4. Clearly the voice asked for in the|limited individual perspective. |the assigned perspective or voice. | | |instructions, e. g. biblical |4. Made an attempt to adopt the |Student did not comply to teacher | | |character, historical character, |voice asked for in the instructions|request for changes | | |reporter on assignment. |but did not sustain it. | | |Word Choice: The use of rich, |Words convey the intended message in |The language is functional, even if|The writer struggles with a limited| |colorful, and precise language that |a precise, interesting, and natural |it lacks much energy. |vocabulary. |moves and enlightens the reader. |way. | | | | | | | | | |1. Words are specific and accurate. |1. Words are adequate and correct |1. Words are nonspecific or | | |2. Natural, effective, and |in a general sense. |distracting. | | |appropriate language. |2. Familiar words and phrases |2. Many of the words don’t work. | | |3. Lively verbs, specific nouns, and |communicate. |3. Limited vocabulary, misuse of | | |modifiers. |3. Passive verbs, everyday nouns, |parts of speech. | | |4. Language enhances and clarifies |mundane modifiers. |4. Language is unimaginative and | | |meaning. |4. Language functions, with one or |lifeless, redundancy. | | | |two fine moments. Student did not comply to teacher | | | | |request for changes. | |Sentence Fluency: The flow of the |The writing has an easy flow, rhythm,|The text usually hums along with a |The reader has to practice quite a | |language, the way in which the |and cadence. Sentences are |steady beat, but has sections which|bit in order to give this paper a | |writing plays to the ear, not just |well-constructed. |throw off the reader. |fair interpretive reading. | |the eye. | | | | | |1. Sentences get the job done in a |1. Sentences are choppy, | | |1. Sentences enhance the meaning. |routine fashion. |incomplete, ramb ling, or awkward. | | |2. Sentences vary in length as well |2. Sentences are usually of similar|Phrasing does not sound natural. | | |as structure. |length, yet constructed correctly. 2. No â€Å"sentence sense† is present. | | |3. Purposeful and varied sentence |3. Sentence beginnings are somewhat|3. Sentences begin the same way. | | |beginnings. |varied. |4. Endless connectives, if any | | |4. Creative and appropriate |4. The reader sometimes has to hunt|present. | | |connectives. |for connective clues. |Student did not comply with teacher| | | | |request for changes. |Conventions: The mechanical |The writer demonstrates a good grasp |The writer shows reasonable control|Errors in spelling, punctuation, | |correctness of the piece; spelling, |of standard writing conventions |over a limited range of standard |capitalization, usage, and grammar | |punctuation, capitalization, grammar|(e. g. , spelling, punctuation, |writing conventions. |and/or paragraphing repeatedly | |usage , and paragraphing. |capitalization, grammar usage, | |distract the reader and make text | | |paragraphing). 1. Spelling is usually correct or |difficult to read. | | | |reasonably phonetic. | | | |1. Spelling is generally correct. |2. End punctuation is usually |1. Spelling errors are frequent. | | |2. Punctuation is accurate. |correct. |2. Punctuation is missing or | | |3. Capitalization skills are present. |3. Most capitalized words are |incorrect. | |4. Grammar and usage are correct. |correct. |3. Capitalization is random. | | |5. Paragraphing tends to be sound. |4. Problems with grammar and usage |4. Obvious grammar or usage errors. | | | |are not serious. |5. Paragraphing is missing. | | | |5. Paragraphing is attempted. |Student did not comply with teacher| | | | request for changes. | |Presentation: |The project is clean, has all |May be some problems in the |Errors in formatting create a | |The look of the paper, proper use of|directions included, and MLA format |formatting. |confusing paper that distracts the | |MLA formatting when necessary, |was used correctly if needed. | |reader. | |correct titling and inclusion of | |1. Project directions are included,| | |project instructions |1. Project directions precede the |but not placed correctly. |1. Project directions are missing | | |project. |2. There are some problems with |or incomplete. | | |2. Spacing is uniform and font is |font or spacing. |2. Spacing and font are not | | |Times New Roman or Arial 12 point. |3. For multimedia, the visuals are |standard. | | |3. In a multimedia project, uses of |somewhat unclear or distracting. |3. Visuals in a multimedia project | | |visuals are integrated without |4. In those projects for which |are confusing and substandard. | | |distraction. |outside sources were used, MLA |4. Works cited page and/or | | |4. Correctly formatted citations and |formatting is mostly correct. There|parenthetical citations for those | | |works cited when outside sources were|may be some components missing or |projects where necessary are | | |used. improperly formatted. |missing or incorrect. | | | | |Student did not comply with teacher| | | | |request for changes. | *0 – Not a valid attempt. Student did not make the changes recommended by the teacher. _______________ Paste the document you created and saved on your word processor below:

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY Objective: To evaluate the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma Study Design: Tissue specimens of five patients with granular cell ameloblastoma were fixed in buffered formalin and later embedded in paraffin wax. Blocks were sliced into 3micron thick sections for immunohistochemicalanalysis using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53,Cytokeratin(AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin Results: All five cases were strongly positive for cytokeratin and CD68. S100 was negative in three cases and showed mild positivity in two cases . Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminwere negative in all the five cases. Conclusions: This study presents a heterogenous nature of the granular cells, however further validation is required with a larger sample size. INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumour usually located in the jaw bone [1]. It is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. It is a tumor of the enamel organ without formation of enamel. Robinson has defined it as: Unicentric, nonfunctional, intermittent in growth, anatomically benign and clinically persistent. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. [2]It has a distinctive microscopic appearance characterized by the presence of peripheral columnar cells with hyperchromatic, reversely polarized nuclei, arranged in a palisaded pattern. [3] Conventional solid or multicysticameloblastoma exhibits six microscopic subtypes namely follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular cell, desmoplastic and basal cell ameloblastoma. [4]. The follicular and plexiform patterns are the most frequent. Less common histopathologic subtypes include the acanthomathous, granular cell, desmoplastic, and basal cell [1,5] Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is one of the rare histological variants of ameloblastomaaccounting for only 3. 5% of ameloblastomas. [5] Granular cell ameloblastoma is characterized by nests of large, eosinophilic granular cells. [6] Aggressive behaviour has been ruled out by many studies and suggest that granular cells are just a transitional or matured phase in the life cycle of ameloblastomas, starting with normal stellate reticulum-like cells, leading to a production of granules and finally leading to degeneration and formation of cystic areas. [7] Whether granular cell change in ameloblastoma is a degenerative process or a harbinger of a more aggressive course is a matter of debate. [8] [Figure 1 2] Previous studies have carried out ultrastructural, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the nature of the granular cells , though the mechanism involved is poorly understood. The present study attempts to do an immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of markers to study the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma. Due to its rarity accounting to 3. 5%, literature search revealed that majority of them were single case studies . This study is the first of its kind to report antigenic characterization in five such cases with a wide range of markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case Selection: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of granular cell ameloblastoma were retrieved from the archives of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai. The clinical data of the patients are listed in table 1. Immunohistochemical Analysis: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 3 µ tissue sections on poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Pre-diluted ready to use primary monoclonal mouse anti CD-68, anti – Bcl2,anti-S 100, anti-P53, anti-cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3), anti-Vimentin and anti-Desmin(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US)were used followed by thesuper sensitive polymer HRP detection system(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Colored reactions were developed by incubating with 33-diaminobenzidine and subsequently counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. Positive and negative controls were included in all reactions. Presence of brown coloured end product at the site of target antigen was indicative of positive immunoreactivity. Evaluation of theimmunoreactivity was based on staining intensity and wereclassified asweak, moderate, and strong. Localization of positively stained cells in peripheral ameloblast-like cells, central stellate reticulum like cells , and granular cells were also evaluated. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of the markers used in the study are listed in table 2. CD-68expressed strong positivity in all the five cases. Positivity was observed only in the granular cells. Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) expressed strong positivity in all the five cases by staining peripheral cells, stellate reticulum like cells and granular cells. Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminexhibited negative staining in all the five cases. DISCUSSION: Granular cell ameloblastoma accounts to 3. 5% of all ameloblastomas [11]. The lesion presents with marked transformation of thecytoplasm of the stellate reticulum like cells, so that the cells take on a very coarse, granular, eosinophilic appearance. [5] GCA is known to be aggressive histologic variant among all the ameloblastoma . Granular cells have been described in other odontogenic tumor, the granular cell ameloblastic fibromaand oral lesions, such as congenital epulis and granular cell tumor [12] The nature of various oral granular cell lesions is unclear, and many theories have been proposed for the origin of granules, the principal ones are odontogenic, fibroblastic, histiocytic, myoblastic, and neurogenic. [13] Granular cells are also seen associated with the enamel organ of developing tooth. [14] The granular appearance has been ascribed to numerous lysosomes based on histochemical and electron microscopic findings. Ultrastructurally, the osmiophilic internal structure of the lysosomes varies considerably. [15] Many of these granules approach 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in size; giant granules of 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in diameter are rarely seen. They present with features of finger-print-like membranous structures, myelin figures, small particles, granules, vesicles, lattice structures, and crystalloids. This diversity may represent different materials and stages of digestion of the lysosomal contents. The myelin figures suggest the presence of phospholipid in the granules. Therefore, it has been concluded by many authors that numerous lysosomes represent increased cellular actions of the tumour ameloblasts to digest unwanted components [14,16]. Considerable interest about the nature of granular cells in ameloblastoma ever since it was recognized has happened because of its reported aggressive behaviour however recent literature reports speculate that the granular cell transformation in granular cell ameloblastoma may be associated with the aging phenomenon. [17,18,19] The present study was carried out in five cases of granular cell ameloblastoma to ascertain the nature of the granules using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53, Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin. Strong positivity for cytokeratin and CD68was noted in all the cases. S100 was negative in three cases and mildly positive in two cases. P53,Bcl 2,Vimentin and desmin were negative in all the five cases. [Table 2] The nature of granules in granular cell ameloblastoma in the previous studies have reported epithelial origin due to consistent positivity with cytokeratin and negativity with other mesenchymal markers. [Figure 3] Presence of strong positivity with CD68 in granular cells indicates the presence of lysosomal aggregates. [Figure 4] Negative expression of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in granular cells indicate that there is increased apoptosis in the granular cells. This finding was similar to the report by Kumomoto et al who reported apoptosis in the granular cells [20]. Contradictory to previous reports is the presence of mild positivity with S100 unlike other previously published reports. S100 is normally present in cells derived from the  neural crest ( Schwann cells, and  melanocytes),  chondrocytes,  adipocytes,  myoepithelialcells,  macrophages,  Langerhans cells,  dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Mild positivity of S100 could be suggestive of transdifferentiation of the cells. Such heterogenous presentation of granular ameloblastomas evokes more interest to further ratify its true nature. CONCLUSION: The current immunohistochemicalpanel could be evolved further for a better understanding of the nature of the granular cells in ameloblastomas. Further studies with more number of cases could help reason out the antigenic heterogeneity of granular cell ameloblastoma.

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Witches and Lady Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Influence of the Witches and Lady Macbeth The last person you would expect to encourage you to commit a crime would be your wife. Macbeth is motivated by his wife and by three Witches and gradually becomes more ruthless, evil, and murderous as the play progresses. Lady Macbeth is first introduced in Act1 Scene 5: reading a letter receives from Macbeth describing the encounter with the Witches, and the prophecies which they given him. Lady Macbeth is very ambitious; believes that Macbeth is too kind and loyal to take the steps needed to become king. "Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’ the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way." Lady Macbeth uses the weaknesses of Macbeth to convince him to kill King Duncan: she challenges his manhood "When you durst do it, then you were a man." "Thou esteem’st the ornament of life and live a coward in thine own esteem." She tries to make him feel guilt: Macbeth promised to kill Duncan he changes his mind. "What beast was’t, then that made break this enterprise to me" In Macbeth the Witches are shown as being evil, conniving, and cruel. "Here I have a pilot’s thumb, wreck’d, as homeward he did come." The Witches play a major role in convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan. They give Macbeth and Bonquo three prophecies: "all hail Macbeth hail to thee, thane of Cawdor" "all hail, Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter" "thou shalt get kings, though be none." Bonquo doesn’t take these prophecies seriously, but Macbeth shows some ambition for power. "If chance will have me king, why, chance will crown me." Macbeth becomes more dependent to the Witches. In Act 4 scene 1 Macbeth returns to the weird sisters, demanding what the future would bring. The Witches gave him three prophecies: "Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff, beware the thane of Fife." "none of woman born shall harm Macbeth" "Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill." As the play goes on Macbeth turns for the worse. He becomes more ruthless, evil, and murderous. After killing Duncan, Macbeth feels remorse and guilt. "To know my deed, ‘twere best not know myself. Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou could’st." Not being able to return to Duncans room and place the knives is a show of weakness and remorse.

Movie (Film) Version of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Movie (Film) Version of Romeo and Juliet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There have been many romantic films made in the past as well as now in the present, from Wuthering Heights to Pretty Woman.   But, one of the most romantic of all films is the story of Romeo and Juliet.   It is safe to say that most people are familiar with this story.   A couple so determined to be together, ended up tragically in the arms of one another because of their feuding families. Today, a new director attempts to recreate this Shakespearean story by adding a little of his on twists to it.   Using the same dialogue as Shakespeare, this director sets the story in modern times.   Romeo and Juliet, the movie, gives audience in the twentieth century a taste of a new and mystical flavor to this well-known love story.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting of Romeo and Juliet, as expected, was totally different from other settings in the past.   This setting, however, was not necessarily set in way of how people today would live.   The story was set more fantasy-like. Because of the setting, the deaths of the people in this movie did not seem as moving as to the old movies.   For some reason, the setting of Mercutio's death interfered with this supposedly poetic scene.   A broken down stage on a sandy beach does not seem to fit well together.   The setting seemed pretty artificial. Also, the scene when one of the Montagues died at the gas station did not seem as depressing as would be if any other person was to die.   This scene was the opening one so, the audience could have been distracted by the dialogue and therefore, not paying attention to the death to much.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the movie, it was hard to adjust to the dialogue with the atmosphere.   The dialogue was way on the other side of the timeline compared to the setting.   Some of the audience was even laughing.   Perhaps that was why it was so difficult to follow the movie with all those distractions.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was quite remarkable about this movie was how the director incorporated today's problems and events with the old Shakespearean dialogue.

Blod Bank Essay

It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate, specific requirements and other supporting information. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system. This document is intended for developers, project coordinator, project guide, users and testers. The developer can use the document to view the analysis and design part, to understand requirements specification. The project coordinator can use this document to review the idea of project whether it is innovative and usable or not. The project guide can use this document to analyze and manage the flow of project development. The tester can use this document to get clear idea about system, to understand the exact input domain of system and to generate respective test cases for the testing purpose. 1. 1 Purpose This Software Requirements Specification provides a complete description of all the functions and specifications of the Blood bank Management System software. The purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Blood Bank System. This document is useful for Blood Bank employees who use this system on the daily basis. This document will also serve as a reference to incorporate any changes made in the system to the future. It will also prove to be useful to the managerial staff which is responsible for the smooth functioning of the counter transactions that are performed on daily basis. This document is primarily intended to provide a detailed specification of the functional requirements for developers of the product. It also provides an overview of the product for the users. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, what the systems do and the constraints under which it will operate. This SRS document contains the complete software requirement for Post Office Transaction System and describes the design decisions, architectural design and the detail design needed to implement the system. It provides the visibility in the design and provides information needed for software support. 1. 2 Scope This software is used by System Administrator, Supervisor, Assistant and Lab technicians. The system is designed to provide user authentication by maintaining the user database which contains all the details of user along with login details such as username and password. Each user has a different level of operation for the authentication purpose. The solution will provide a well-organized and coordinated system where the blood and donor records are managed more efficiently with better security. The major goal of the system is to provide synchronized and centralized donor and blood stock database to the blood bank. It also improves the efficiency of blood stock management by alerting the blood bank administrator. System will provides traceability of donor in case of emergency. It also provides performance evaluation using report generation. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection should provide the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly interpret the SRS. This information may be provided by reference to one or more appendixes in the SRS or by reference to other documents. 1. 4 References 1. www. bharatbloodbank. com 2. www. bloodbankindia. com 1. 5 Overview This document contains a brief history and insight into the problem as well as what the system is designed to do, the scope of the solution. It gives a brief summary of whom the system is targeted at, its capabilities, and its positioning in the device development process. It also explains requirements of the system and also where exactly the user and stakeholders are placed in the scheme of things. It elaborates on security issues, hardware and software requirement and also the priorities of various functionalities. The document helps the user to understand the Blood Bank System. The first part of the document provides the purpose, objectives and scope of the proposed system. It includes important definition, the problem statement specify the needed details to avoid any kind of ambiguity from user’s perspective. The document also states the feature set and capabilities of the system. The document also highlights the feature of proposed system and the advantages over the existing system. The document also highlights the various issues, error handling and the modification to be done in the system. The document is helpful to the user as it gives them opportunities to state what they expect from the system. In addition, the hardware specification required for the system is also mentioned. The user can read the document and make sure that his machine is equipped to run the system to avoid any inconvenience The user should make use of the document to understand the system better. The rest of this document provides a full description of the project for the blood bank. It lists all the functions performed by the system. It gives the details of each of the system functions and actions in full for the software developer’s assistance. It also gives the overview of the problems currently faced by the system and provides solutions for the same. 2. General Description The project deals with the problem of automated management system that is keeping track of the actual amount of blood stock in the blood bank and to minimize human errors. The solution will provide a well-organized and coordinated system for blood bank where the blood and donor records are managed more efficiently with better security and added automation functions in alerting the administrator when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. In addition, the administrator can also trace back the donor responsible in case of reactive sample in blood transfusion and blood screening result. This system also creates a convenient and paperless environment for the blood bank in managing donors and processing blood stocks. The registration time for old donor is shortened as the records are retrievable from the system. Also the performance evaluation is possible using report generation facility. 2. 1 Product Perspective This system keep the track of all the actual amount of the blood stock in the blood bank to minimize the human errors. 2. 2 Product Functions 1. System will also maintain Blood Stock records and Discard register. 2. System will provide levels of operators for authentication purpose. 3. System will provide an authentication form where the users will fill the details. 4. System will process the request of login. 5. System will check for the entered details in the login database. 6. If the entered username and password are valid then the system will grant access to the user else will display an error message. 7. System will provide five interfaces such as Testing Interface, Blood Stock Interface, Issue Interface, Donor Registration Interface and Statistics Interface. 8. Donor Registration Interface will take all the personal and medical details of donor and generate a unique id for each donor. 9. If the donor already has an id then will retrieve its details. 10. In Testing Interface, if the results are positive then discard register is updated with sample details. 11. If the results are negative Blood Stock Repository is updated with sample details. 12. In Blood Stock Interface, system will generate unique bag numbers for each product. 13. It will generate alerts when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. 14. The System will move expired sample details to discard register and update blood stock repository. 15. In Issue Repository, system will check blood stock repository for availability. 16. If stocks are available then system will place an issue order. 7. It will generate a label which includes bag number and details of sample. 18. In Statistics analysis, system will generate various reports. 19. The whole transaction of the blood will be recorded in a system 20. The software will perform the stock management & bill generation. 21. All the transaction of the blood will be updated within a small period of time. 22. The software will generate all the annual record of the blood bank.. 23. It will also maintain the record of the blood donor. 24. It will also maintain the record of the rejected blood and the rejection for the blood rejection. 2. User Characteristics The user must have the basic knowledge of the computer system. It is not necessary that the user must have the knowledge of the computer hardware. System administrator, supervisor, assistant and lab technicians. 2. 4 General Constraints * Blood bank employees ,donors 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies * The System will not allow any user with invalid username and invalid password. * The system should not provide administrative privilege to any customer. 3. Specific Requirements The systems should satisfy the below given requirements. 1. Operating System: Windows XP Professional 2. Database Management System (DBMS): MySQL 5. 0 3. Peer to peer connection. This can be done by connecting both the systems using a cross cable and giving different IP addresses to them. 3. 1 External Interface Requirements System Interfaces The systems should satisfy the below given requirements. 4. Operating System: Windows XP Professional 5. Database Management System (DBMS): MySQL 5. 0 6. Peer to peer connection. This can be done by connecting both the systems using a cross cable and giving different IP addresses to them. User Interfaces User Type| Intended Interaction| 1. DONOR REGISTRATION a. New donor b. Regular donor| * The system will take all the personal and medical details of donor and generate an unique id for the donor. * The system will take donors id as input, validate it and retrieve all its details including last donations. | 2. Administrator Login | * This login page will take input as username and password from the administrator * The system will validate the inputs and provide access to the system with more privileges to system and administrator| Testing | * This will take the input as blood group, donor id, date of collection; test carried out and its result. If the test results are positive then sample details are moved to discard register otherwise to blood stock repository. | Blood stock| * It will take all the details of the samples including blood group, its product details, date of collection, date of preparation, date of expiry, result of testing and generate a bag number. * It will generate alerts when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. * The expired sample details are moved to discard register and removed from blood stock repository. | Issue| * It will take input as product name, quantity, blood group and validate it with blood stock repository. If the stock is available then issue order will be placed. * It will generate a label which includes bag number, details of sample etc. | Statistics Display Page| * The administrator has access to this page. It displays all statistical data regarding the various issue orders placed, blood stock repository and testing screening. * Report generation. | 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements Goal – To provide authentication to donors. Objective 1 – Create unique id for donor’s. a. Accept donor personal and medical information for new donors. b. Generate unique id for each donor. Objective 2 – Process authentication request. a. Accept donor id in case of regular donor. b. Retrieve donor’s profile. Goal – To manage Blood Stocks. Objective 1 – Process blood stock details. a. Accept product details like collection date, expiry date, blood group etc. b. Generates a unique bag number. Objective 2 – Establish connection with Issue interface and testing interface. a. Validate stock details for issue. b. Update blood stock repository after testing is negative. Goal – To generate reports and label. Objective 1 – To generate report. a. Generate product statistics b. Generate yearly, monthly reports and provide it to the administrator. Objective 1 – To generate labels for issue. a. Generate labels for the issue order placed. b. Provide it to the customer along with the date of delivery 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements 7. 1. 1 Availability * For the customers, the services available are: Registration as a donor, placement of issue order. * For the administrator, the services available are: Manipulation of databases, change the functionalities provided by the system and monthly and yearly reports generation. . 1. 2 Security * This system maintains consistency and security as the blood stock details can’t be modified by the administrator or the other user. The system analyses the issue order placed by the customer and accordingly fulfills it. The system will also provide authentication by using username and password. * The donor’s database will have its own security to prevent unauthorized write/de lete access. The donor’s details will not be disclosed while issuing. 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements The databases used by the system are * Donor database Blood stock database * Discard database * Account database User database: The purpose of this database is to store the required information of the donors and their id’s. This database will be used for traceability of donor. The donors will fill their information while registration. Their credentials will be saved in this particular database. Blood Stock database: This database is used to maintain blood stock information. It maintains the details of valid samples. Discard database: This database is used to store details of blood samples which have to be discarded. This will contain information of expired samples and those samples which reacted positively in testing screening. Accounts database: The purpose of this database is to store the account details regarding issue of blood sample and to maintain the history of all the previous transactions. This database will be used by the administrator so that he can calculate the total cost of the issue orders placed. Accessing capabilities: 1. Only administrator can set the role of users and their access capabilities 2. No user can access anything outside its accessing capability .