Romulus My Father Notes for Belonging

* Study Questions * * Chapter 1 * 1. Romulus has a crisis in identity. He feels he is accepted in society due to his skill in blacksmithing trade. Although accepted, he does not feel he belongs due to his culture and heritage. His character is tied up with a strong moral code, in working hard, pride, communal strength and contributing to society but has no confidence in identity and how he fits in. He â€Å"Always considered himself a Romanian. † And felt he belongs to that part of his heritage. He carried this culture through to Australia and keeps these character traits, which could be the reason he is separated socially.He is a religious man that takes education seriously and in the highest regards. He always knew poverty and hard work for the community rather than money, which is why he was able to work so hard as a blacksmith for no pay. This shows his strength of character and good work ethic. He felt attached to Europe and therefore detached from Australia. In retrospec t he was accepted by many people due to his hard work but still didn’t ‘belong’. * 2. Retrospective, hard working before and after school. Romulus prides himself on character.The luxury that he didn’t get his son now is able to enjoy. Also not having a childhood because he worked the whole time. Raimond was able to become a writer and enjoy more creative things in life. He had free time where as his father didn’t. His dad grew up with little money and had to work for all the money he needed where as Raimond didn’t have to work as much. Most importantly however, Raimond was able to enjoy a sense of belonging when he was growing up to his father and family. Romulus was unable to enjoy any real sense of belonging whilst growing up.Raymond would not have the same work ethic as his father; His dad thought that everything would revolve around his work. He worked before and after school. Romulus is a pragmatist or a practical man due to his job to g et things done. This is because of his lack of childhood he has no humor, etc. Raimond was not made to contribute to the family and community as much as his father. He doesn’t always need to work for money; he came from a communist country so he worked for community. Education was very important to him and becomes apparent through his child.He was a very strong, integrity, incorruptible, non-negotiable, religious and inflexible man. * 3. In ‘retrospect’ or hindsight Raimond is able to show his perspective contrasting to his fathers perspective. â€Å"Childhood as we know it† positions the reader to realize that childhood is a small time frame and many do not enjoy it such as his father. It makes people realize how hard times were back then. * 4. The use of past and present tense enables the author to show his perspective of things and relate things to present day situations. This also positions the reader to understand hindsight and retrospectively. 5. He was a working class opposed to middle class. This is because he is a blacksmith and works hard long hours to get money and gets by with minimalistic things. Romulus believes that she is snobbish and her activities such as going to the theatres were mistakenly snobby. Christine’s parents were able to accept him even though there was a distinct difference in class because of Romulus’ availability to clothes through the black-market. He was able to get food and clothes from the money he made. The money he earned allowed their relationship to be socially acceptable. * Chapter 2 * 6.The labels ‘immigrant’, ‘foreigner’ and ‘new Australian’ are used to set a tone of alienation. It creates a clear separation between the Australians and the â€Å"Bolts†. Romulus felt no anger or â€Å"no resentment or indignation, or any other response which depended on the assumption that he was owed something better. † He was able to reconc ile the terms above by having no negative feelings. He also held onto his â€Å"young dreams of a new life and so he saw his two years of bondage as a short interim,† * 7. (p. 13) Baringhup: hay day late 1800’s. Cheeses were famous won many prizes. Small town. 00 kids at school. Flourishing community and therefore belonging to community. 1950 became a ghost town. Rather sentimental, gaiter feels bad that the community has diminished. The juxtaposition between the two paragraphs of the heyday compared to the ghost town of 10 houses and convenience store. Camp swelled in gold rush. When they weren’t working, little to do. Movies on sat night and occasional dances hosted. Immigrants didn’t like the eucalyptus. * 8. The landscape became symbolic of Romulus’ sense of alienation because of the idea the Romulus feels like a stranger due to the environment.He doesn’t recognize the harsh and perceived blandness of the Australian scenery. He has a bur ning desire for the European atmosphere shown, â€Å"He longed for the generous and soft European foliage. † Romulus finds the gum trees, â€Å"Symbols of deprivation and barrenness† (p. 14) This shows him being alienated and feeling foreign due to the landscape and he feels that he would look â€Å"directly to the foliage and always turned away offended. † (p. 14) It is Romulus’ memories being based around the diverse and beautiful European environment that is one of the reasons he feels lost and separated in Australia. 9. Romulus establishes a sense of community in his new environment with the other Romanians, Hora and Mitru. â€Å"He asked the man who greeted any new arrivals whether there were any other Romanians. † In searching for them it shows his need to find a sense of belonging. â€Å"He sought them out and they became friends quickly,† depicts the idea that they all needed a companionship and somewhere to belong amongst the foreig n surroundings. This idea that it an essential part to the human spirit is demonstrated through the use of the concise phrasing and wording of this bonding.The lack of detail in this part shows that immediately they sorted out to find somewhere to belong and then after that was settled, other factors were now able to take place. This is reinforced by the principles of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is through the searching for common people that Romulus shows his spiritual needs to belong and connect. * * Chapter 3 * 10. The landscape illustrates a feeling of belonging or alienation to a place. â€Å"A dead red gum stood only a hundred meters from the house and became for my mother a symbol of her desolation. This shows how the countryside invokes ideas of desolation and alienation into his mothers mind. The use of symbolism and irony of the Australian tree that is renowned for lasting through harsh conditions contrasting with Christine who has a mental breakdown and has to back away from many commitments and is viewed to have very little character and any sagaciousness towards going through a tough time. The peppercorns â€Å"were planted as though to mediate between local and European landscapes. † Shows that there is not only despondency with the outback but also a consciousness of belonging.These two quotes create a stark juxtaposition from the gum trees to the peppercorns, which reminded his father of home. This inkling is backed up with the description of Frogmore. The farm being a simple place with no electricity or running water, rats and snakes living under the house and 6-7 pounds for workers in the area creates the primitive existence. This contributes and reinforces the concept of isolation and desolation through surroundings. The use of the descriptive and almost poetic language emphasizes these points. Also Raimond retrospectively looks back at how his mother felt.These points demonstrate tensions between the desire to belong and alienation. * 11. Christine was always troubled and spoiled which lead to her suffering isolation. She stemmed to self-harm, then sort out reconciliation. She did this by looking for company or someone to belong to. She had an affair with Mitru, which didn’t last long. Due to her alienation, she felt deprived and overdosed on sleeping tablets. â€Å"She was alone, small, frail, walking with an uncertain gait and distracted air. † Shows how the separation has affected her. The use of visual imagery shows how small she is compared to the vast environment. †¦She appeared forsaken. † As though â€Å"†¦she had returned from the dead. † The use of Religious and biblical allusion create a mellow dramatic setting. People view her as a drama queen. Raimond writes the book in hindsight in a sorrowful manner. As though to give the reader the interpretation that he feels sorry for her and what she had to do. He tries to understand her feelings of isolation a nd seclusion. He tries to be sympathetic towards her in retrospect, even though at the time, she was widely considered pathetic. * 12. Romulus, as an immigrant from a European background, finds it hard to ‘fit in’ among Australians.This could be due to his character and strong moral codes, but also due to him just being different. Him being afraid of the snake, and â€Å"unused to the tinder-dry conditions† caused Romulus to set fire to a large proportion of the property. â€Å"My father was the focus of their hostile attention. † This goes to show that they do not accept him at this point in time and therefore does not belong to either the people or the environment. They all believe he is too different. This is juxtaposed with the change in shorter paragraph structure to emphasis the change in opinion.People â€Å"attributed his survival to my father’s prompt and sensible action. † This shows how he is not completely outcast and he does belo ng to certain parts of the society despite his differences and misunderstandings with some locals. * * Chapter 4 * 13. Hora’s connection with Romulus illustrates a deep sense of belonging and their combining for an enterprise. Hora however, does not respect Christine. There is a contrast between belonging with Hora and Romulus and his alienating attitude to Raimond’s mother. â€Å"He and Hora, together,† gives a hint of the bondage and belonging to one and other. They had quarreled and they quarreled,† deeply juxtaposes the idea of belonging and indicates a stark reality of separation and disconnection. â€Å"Heightened his impatience with my mother. † Shows that Hora has little respect for Christine. The constant argument between them also goes to show that he has such little respect for her. The emotive language used in â€Å"my mother was stricken with remorse,† helps to bring out the irony in the statement. The mother had not cared about her husband, was selfish, flirtatious with other men, exaggerated, had a false note and was incapable of sympathizing with another person yet she had â€Å"remorse†.We can see further disrespect through the use of prosaic and factual language: â€Å"Hora disliked her and did not respect her. † Also through the use of symbolism such as with the oranges, eggs and milk. They are symbols of looking after and a sense of responsibility, also the relationship tension between him and Christine. However a connection to Romulus and Raimond is shown through respect in contrast to disrespect with his mother. He goes to the effort to get oranges â€Å"each week he carried groceries, fruit and anything else we needed† p. 45 â€Å"my mother was unmoved by his efforts† p. 45.The eggs are a positive symbol of belonging, responsibilities from belonging, carrying the family, respect for Romulus and therefore belonging to family. It also is a symbol of livelihood. The milk s hows responsibility of wanting Raimond to eat right and again respecting Romulus’ ways. â€Å"Carried†¦in a heavy sack on his back† symbolizes him carrying the weight and responsibility of belonging to the family on his back. This is the upmost respect for Romulus, doing it whilst despising Christine in the process. Hora carrying them It is through these statements that we can clearly see the contrasting respect for Christine to Romulus. 14. ‘Pass auf mein lieber Fritz’ exemplifies the connection between Hora and Raimond. This represents Hora’s sense of responsibility and mark of respect to Romulus. â€Å"Our previously affectionate relationship,† shows a strong connection between the two. Although it changes slightly due to disciplinary action, he still is a ‘father figure’ and they find a feeling of belonging to each other. The use of a cliche â€Å"when I was sailing close to the wind,† emphasizes the belonging and respect that Raimond has for Hora, that he would never try to cross the border line.The relationship serves a purpose of showing belonging to each other but not belonging with place. Their close attachment through alienation, because they feel so left out, they form a close relationship with each other. The close bond between them is symbolic of him belonging to the family in replace of Romulus as a â€Å"step in father†. This close relationship is shown. * 15. Like most Europeans sets Romulus apart from Raimond because of the strong moral codes. The razor is important because it shows how strong Romulus’s moral code is. Raimond lied about steeling the razor.Romulus gets more ‘angry’ about him lying about it rather than steeling it as well. This shows the strength in his moral code and overreacts with a vicious beating of Raimond for a corruption in his character. We see the repetition or theme of character appearing in this part of the chapter. This focu s of character emphasizes the disconnection, difference and contrast between Romulus â€Å"like most Europeans† and Raimond. As Raimond didn’t see himself as European he feels the isolation and separation in pressure on strength of character.Romulus also feels disconnected as Raimond says retrospectively, â€Å"He feared that I would be like my mother. † This shows that Romulus feels Raimond is closer to his mother than him and could maybe belong better with her. The â€Å"cut throat razor† shows the difference in times as Romulus values the razor for its â€Å"craftsmanship† and aesthetic value. Raimond however, feels that it could be used to cut wood and doesn’t value it as much and therefore throws it in the river. This again shows the lack of belonging Raimond has to his fathers European background.Retrospectively he looks at them belonging to each other and he has utmost respect for his father even though at the time there is more tensi on and disconnection. â€Å"I knew my father valued truthfulness above most things,† This sets high moral codes which may have led to him not belonging due to the higher than normal standards and values set. Through this we can see Raimond and Romulus are separated through this strong moral code even though they may appear to belong. * 16. The relationship between father and son is strongly depicted through the Spartan description of Frogmore life.There is a change in language, the Spartan lifestyle shown by simple, banal and prosaic sort of language. This is a symbol of a beginning to belong to each other and possibly the environment. This contrasts with the next passage, which is crammed with rich and emotive language. This also shows a sense of connection and belonging to education and the belief in learning they posses. Romulus’ leg is mended and he is able to go back to his trade, being a blacksmith. This creates a sense of harmony. Romulus becomes connected, not with community but with his son, trade, past and background.Descriptive language highlights the new sense of belonging. â€Å"This was better than the poultry farming. †, â€Å"Classical hammer beaten iron work†, â€Å"Took such pride†, â€Å"crafted so superbly†, â€Å"copious amounts of fruit†. These use excessive adjectives, over description and exaggeration to create an appearance of harmony and peace to the reader. This helps the reader to become more attached to their relationship after times of adversity. This is a happy time for Romulus and therefore a happy time for his son. Present participles have an emotive effect all creating a sense of belonging between father and son.

Case Studies Bus Law Essay

1. How did the court determine that the offer was sufficiently definite? The offer of the Wells Fargo Business Credit, Inc. was submitted to Nebraska Beef in the form of a letter. When Nebraska Beef engaged in accepting a line of credit from Wells Fargo they entered into a written credit agreement that outlined the terms of the line of credit and the over-advance which contained additional and progressive fees for each additional over-advance loan (the amount over the initial credit limit). With each of the three over-advance lines of credit or advances of money that Nebraska Beef took out with Wells Fargo, a formal written amendment to the original credit agreement was provided. Thus even though there were no new agreed upon terms, it is a sufficiently definite agreement in that Nebraska Beef evidenced their acknowledgement of additional fees through these three previous advances and further they acknowledge receipt of information stating these additional fees. In fact it was stated in the case that â€Å"an offer may be inferred wholly or partly from words spoken or written or from the conduct of the parties or a combination thereof.† In this case clearly the conduct of Nebraska Beef indicates an acknowledgement of additional fees based on their previous advances and the associated fees. In the May advances, Wells Fargo simply charged the same additional fees as were in place in the third advancement and then at the end of the month (23rd) they sent a letter that Nebraska Beef acknowledges receiving; outlined the increase of the advancement fees. Nebraska beef continued to take advances throughout May and in this regard the offer was not only sufficiently definite but a unilateral contract existed (a promise for performance). 2.How did Nebraska Beef indicate its acceptance? The Nebraska Beef ultimately engaged in an a agreed contract or ‘acceptance’ of the terms through their action of accessing or taking funds through the over-advance program and thus made Nebraska Beef subject to additional fees through the provisions of the additional amendments. Nebraska Beef accepts by using the money offered through the over-advance by Wells Fargo and continuing to take multiple options of the over the credit line-advances. This is ‘accepting’ the terms of the contract because they exercised their right to the funds and in doing so ‘accept’ the terms of the advance which include additional fees. Chapter 14: Register.com, Inc. v. Verico, Inc. Case Concept Review: 1.Why did the court conclude that Verio accepted the terms of the legend? In this case the court ruled that Verio received daily notices of the conditions of the legend. This implies Verio accepted the terms of the legend at the very least after his initial use, because he continued to access and use the data after the fact of the notice. Although the initial use produced terms after he accessed the WHOIS data and was potentially unaware that the register had conditions for the use of the data until after he received it, Verio admits to being aware of the conditions after the first use and continued to access the data several times a day and repeatedly was sent the notice of the terms of the conditions thereafter. So, once these terms were evidenced after the initial transaction, every transaction thereafter would be subject to the conditions of the data and its use and Verio by continuing to access the data is subject to these conditions. By simply continuing to use and acquire the data, Verio is accepting the terms of the legend. The conditions were prov ided in writing and Verio continued to use this service therefore, his actions demonstrate acceptance of the terms. 2.In another section of the opinion, the court stated that there was no reason why Verio be required to â€Å"click† acceptance of the terms? Based on the material presented above, why do you believe that the court did not impose a â€Å"click† requirement? It does seem as though a ‘click’ requirement would have kept the case out of court, however, as demonstrated in the material and the information provided above, the result would not have been different. Essentially, I believe the court did not impose a ‘click’ requirement because the term notifications are sent to the businesses making the data inquiries and after the data is received notifications for terms of the acceptable use of the data are provided in writing to the businesses. Therefore, by accessing and accepting the data, the actions of the business demonstrate an acceptance to the outlined conditions and therefore no ‘click’ is required. Using the data has certain provisions that are outlined in written notices and companies accepting the data are subject to complying with these provisions. There is an offer to provide the data with provisions for use and acceptance to receive the data and comply with their written acceptable use polic y. ~No click necessary. Chapter 15:Louisa W. Hamer v. Franklin Sidway, as Executor, etc. Case Concept Review: 1. What did the nephew promise? The nephew promised to keep from drinking and smoking, swearing, and playing cards or billiards for money until his twenty first birthday in exchange for a payment of $5000 from his uncle. The $5000 was to be paid to the nephew by the uncle after he turned twenty-one, if he refrained from all of the above actions during the time period prior to turning twenty-one. In this case the nephew kept his promise and his proper execution of the agreement was acknowledged by the uncle in a written correspondence. 2. Why was the nephew’s promise sufficient to qualify as consideration? The nephew’s promise was sufficient to qualify as consideration because in order for there to be consideration, there has to be detriment. In this case, the court ruled that there was detriment to the nephew because he had to give up his right to freely engage in smoking and drinking and in promising to do that he is stating he is giving up this right and accepting the offer and in executing the acceptance he can’t smoke or drink which is something he had not been formally obligated to do (thus constituting a detriment). He had a right to drink, smoke, swear or play cards or billiards for money and he was served a detriment by giving up this right and entering into the agreement with his uncle to forgo these options. The other element in consideration would be the legal benefit that is gained. This occurs when something is received that the party did not have a former legal right to receive. In this case the judge found that the uncle (who made the promise to pay) was benefited â€Å"in a legal sense.† The courts further stated that â€Å"it is enough that something is promised, done, forborne or suffered by the party to whom the promise is made as consideration for the promise made to him.† Additionally, the uncle wrote back acknowledging that the nephews promise was adequately executed per the terms of the agreement and per the nephew and uncle’s agreement, the nephew was entitled to the sum of money promised to him ($5000).There was acknowledged and agreed upon, full performance of the promise. The case was fairly straightforward once it was established that in fact consideration was met in the case.

Poinsettia pH Paper - Holiday Chemistry Project

Many plants contain pigments that are responsive to changes in acidity. An example is the poinsettia plant, which has colored flowers (really specialized leaves called bracts). Although poinsettias are perennials in warmer climates, most people are likely to see them used as a decorative houseplant over the winter holidays. You can extract the red pigment from deeply colored poinsettias and use it to make your own pH paper strips to test whether a liquid is an acid or a base. Poinsettia pH Paper Materials Poinsettia flowersBeaker or cupHot plate or boiling waterScissors or a blenderFilter paper or coffee filters0.1 M HClVinegar (dilute acetic acid)Baking soda solution (2 g / 200 mL water)0.1 M NaOH Procedure Cut flower petals into strips or chop them in a blender. Place the cut pieces into a beaker or cup.Add just enough water to cover the plant material. Simmer until the color is removed from the plant. (Personally, I would just microwave the chopped bracts with a little water for about a minute and allow the mixture to steep, like a tea.)Filter the liquid into another container, such as a petri dish. Discard the plant matter.Saturate clean filter paper with the poinsettia solution. Allow the filter paper to dry. You can cut the colored paper with scissors to make pH test strips.Use a dropper or toothpick to apply a little liquid to a test strip. The color range for acids and bases will depend on the particular plant. If you like, you can construct a chart of pH and colors using liquids with a known pH so that you can then test unknowns. Examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), vinegar, and lemon juice. Examples of bases include sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) and baking soda solution.Another way to use your pH paper is as a color-change paper. You can draw on pH paper using a toothpick or cotton swab that has been dipped in an acid or base. The instructions for the poinsettia pH paper project are also available in French.

The One Thing to Do for Personal Essay Samples for Graduate School

The One Thing to Do for Personal Essay Samples for Graduate School Personal Essay Samples for Graduate School Can Be Fun for Everyone A self introduction essay can be helpful for different reasons like employment graduate school or professional pursuits. Essay requirements will change from school to school, but you are going to probably be requested to write 250750 words. For such an accountable kind of paper, we'll select simply the ideal writer with a Ph.D. degree. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a fantastic job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. We'll help you with any sort of essay you've got and compose a fantastic paper which will bring you a high grade. When you get a rough draft of your admissions essay, bear in mind it is a rough draft. Then the ideal approach is set a request I will need to acquire essay papers written. The ideal thing about us is that each and every time you can buy or iginal essay papers for sale. Whatever They Told You About Personal Essay Samples for Graduate School Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why 50 descriptive essay topics if you are searching for descriptive essay examples here's a great one below. Since you may see, the format of the graduate school application essay is quite similar to other sorts of essays. Many young folks are too busy or only reluctant to compose the essay by themselves. Writing a remarkable graduate school essay is most likely much more straightforward than you could think. Your essay should stand out. In addition to that point, it needs to be aboutyou. You will probably be advised regarding how you should submit your admissions essay. Your admissions essay is like any other essay you've written. Finding the Best Personal Essay Samples for Graduate School The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. 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Lab Report on Smoking - 2027 Words

Abstract An attitude is a representation of an individual s degree of like or dislike for an act, object or evaluation. This report aims to conclude whether there is a difference between female and male attitudes towards smoking. It is hypothesised that females will have a more positive attitude towards smoking. Questionnaires using a 5 point likert scale will be utilised to measure each participants’ attitude towards smoking through their responses. Results stated there is no significant difference between genders when scores were placed through an independent t-test. It is concluded that more research onto attitudes towards smoking and with a larger sample is needed to draw reliable results, which can then in turn be used to help†¦show more content†¦They also had full disclosure of why these questionnaires were being conducted and how they were to be used in further data analysis. Materials Each participant received an attitude questionnaire which consisted of 10 statements representing the three attitude components scored on a 5 point Likert scale where 1 = SD (strongly disagree) and 5 = SA (strongly agree) to evaluate their attitudes towards smoking. The attitude evaluation was tallied through each statement and there was a key to indicate the abbreviated letters for each response. Hence a high total score indicated a positive attitude while a low score indicated a negative attitude. Negatively worded statements (reverse score) were also used in the questionnaire to create diversity. Procedure Consent was obtained and the questionnaire completed as part of participation in the CFP psychology class. Data collected consisted of gender designation and the 10 item questionnaire responses The instructions at the top of the questionnaire indicated each participant to choose which letter(s) best represent their feelings in terms of how strongly they agreed or disagreed with each statement. Participants were to not consult with others and work fairly quickly. The questionaries should have taken a maximum of five minutes to complete as participants were asked to choose the first answer that comes to mind. Results Table 1 Mean Difference Scores forShow MoreRelatedEthical And Professional Practices. When Thinking Of The1462 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers. 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Mobile Communication in Romantic Relationships Essay Sample free essay sample

This survey examines the association between nomadic phone usage and relational uncertainness. familiarity. and fond regard. A study of 197 university pupils presently in romantic relationships revealed that relational uncertainness was negatively associated with the sum of Mobile phone usage. Relational familiarity. nevertheless. was positively associated with nomadic phone usage. In respects to attachment manners. participants with higher degrees of turning away placed fewer calls than those with lower degrees of turning away. Anxiety degrees were non significantly associated with nomadic phone usage. These findings indicate that a higher sum of nomadic communicating between spouses is closely related to positive results in their relationship. Specifically. nomadic communicating between romantic spouses can cut down relational uncertainness and increase familiarity. every bit good as be influenced by the communicators‘ fond regard manners. Mobile Romantic Communication Mobile Communication in Romantic Relationships: The Relationship Between Mobile Phone Use and Relational Uncertainty. Intimacy. and Attachment Mobile phones have become one of the most permeant interpersonal media. Consequently. the survey of nomadic communicating has been burgeoning in recent old ages ( e. g. . Craig. 2007 ; Katz. 2003 ; Katz A ; Aakhus. 2002 ; Ling A ; Pedersen. 2005 ) . For case. Jin ( 2007 ) uncovered that nomadic communicating portions some similarities with face-to-face communicating. In peculiar. higher sums of both nomadic and face-to-face communicating were negatively associated with solitariness ( Jin. 2007 ) . Besides. persons in romantic relationships used nomadic phones significantly more frequently than those non romantically involved ( Jin. 2007 ) . Similarly. old findings suggest that nomadic communicating tends to happen within close relationships. such as household. romantic twosomes. and friends ( Campbell A ; Russo. 2003 ; Ishii. 2006 ) . It appears that by utilizing nomadic phones people can beef up their household bonds. facilitate friendly relationships. and construct common support ( Campbell A ; Kelley. 2006 ; Campbell A ; Russo. 2003 ; Ishii. 2006 ; Wei A ; Lo. 2006 ) . Katz and Aakhus ( 2002 ) argue that. across civilizations. people use communicating tools in ways that maximize their demands and amenitiess. frequently ensuing in the innovation of new ways people interact. In line with this. Licoppe ( 2004 ) argued that the coming of nomadic engineering enabled us to develop a peculiar communicating form in close relationships. which is referred to as the affiliated manner of communicating. This manner is represented by short and frequent communicative gestures. as illustrated by immature people‘s usage of nomadic phones ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . In support of nomadic communicating as a medium to keep connectivity. Ling and Yttri ( 2002 ) found that immature people used their nomadic phones to maintain look intoing what their friends are making to organize each other‘s activities. As such. a ?connected? manner of keeping relationships is going a outstanding day-to-day pattern of modern twosomes ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . These surveies. nevertheless. have non yet to the full examined how nomadic communicating between romantic spouses is associated with relational procedures and results. For illustration. does mobile phone usage in romantic twosomes alleviate or augment feelings of uncertainness about how the relationship will develop in the hereafter? To turn to the inquiry. the present survey investigated how relational uncertainness and familiarity are influenced by Mobile phone usage in romantic relationships. Besides. given that a assortment of personal affectional procedures have been linked to media usage. single features were expected to act upon nomadic communicating between spouses. For illustration. Ellison. Steinfield. and Lampe ( 2007 ) demonstrated how people‘s self-pride may act upon their usage of societal web sites. Besides. feelings of solitariness and depression might predispose some people to develop debatable Internet usage behaviours ( Caplan. 2003 ) . However. we soon know small about how people with different ways of associating usage nomadic communicating. In peculiar. people‘s fond regard manners exert dependable influence over communicative behaviours. particularly in close relationships ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ) . and hence attachment manner was considered in this survey. Relational Uncertainty One cardinal procedure in interpersonal relationships relates to people‘s motive and schemes geared at cut downing relational uncertainness. Put it otherwise. people set up and develop close relationships with others by increasing assurance about what each other thinks about their relationship. To this respect. uncertainness decrease theory ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) efforts to explicate how uncertainness guides the behaviours of interactants at the initial phase of M obile Romantic Communication their relationship. From this position. at the beginning of an brush. one is motivated to cut down his/her uncertainness about the other individual. Relational uncertainness can be reduced by obtaining cognition of the other individual. which enables the interactant to do anticipations and accounts about the behaviour of the other individual with whom he/she is interacting ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . Uncertainty decrease theory has been extended and refined by embracing a assortment of beginnings of uncertainness and of relational contexts ( see Knobloch. 2007 ; Knobloch A ; Solomon. 2002 ) . For illustration. Knobloch and Solomon ( 2002 ) pointed out that most research on relational uncertainness still holds premises made on initial interactions. and they proposed a reconceptualization of relational uncertainness relevant to shut relationships. They defined relational uncertainness as ?the grade of assurance people have in their perceptual experiences of engagement within interpersonal relationships? ( p. 245 ) . Besides. they demonstrated that relational uncertainness stems from three beginnings: the ego. the spouse. and the relationship. Self uncertainness means the uncertainties about one‘s ain engagement in the relationship. Partner uncertainness implies the uncertainties about one‘s partner‘s engagement in the relationship. and relationship uncertainness concerns the uncertainties about the relationship itself ( Knobloch A ; Solomon. 1999. 2002 ) . The decrease of relational uncertainness is basically good to spouses. It can advance feelings of intimacy between spouses by taking them to accomplish desired results such as committedness ( Knobloch A ; Solomon. 2002 ) . One scheme people use to get by with relational uncertainness is to increase verbal communicating with their spouses ( Berger A ; Kellermann. 1983 ; Kellermann A ; Berger. 1984 ) . For illustration. spouses in close relationships tend to use synergistic tactics such as speaking over most frequently in response to uncertaintyincreasing events ( Emmers A ; Canary. 1996 ; Planalp A ; Honeycutt. 1985 ; Planalp. Rutherford. A ; Mob ile Romantic Communication Honeycutt. 1988 ) . In drumhead. old surveies have systematically shown that the more communicating between relational spouses. the lower their relational uncertainness. Given that synergistic. verbal schemes are the most common ways twosomes deal with uncertainness. so we expect that these behaviours might cut down uncertainness in mediated interactions as good. In support of this position. there is grounds that repeated message exchanges over clip allow people to cut down uncertainness about spouses in computer-mediated scenes every bit successfully as they do in face-to-face contexts ( e. g. . Tidwell A ; Walther. 2002 ; Walther. 1992 ; Walther A ; Burgoon. 1992 ) . Sing this. mobile phone usage between spouses should hold a important influence on their relational uncertainness. Since increased degrees of verbal communicating between spouses tend to cut down relational uncertainness ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . increased degrees of nomadic communicating should besides be associated with reduce d degrees of relational uncertainness. Therefore. the undermentioned hypothesis is offered: H1: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of relational uncertainness. Intimacy Most bookmans agree that familiarity is an indispensable characteristic of close relationships and a cardinal index of the quality of the relationships. Familiarity can be defined as the emotional bond between spouses in a relationship ( e. g. . Parks A ; Floyd. 1996 ; Perlman A ; Fehr. 1987 ) . Relationship bookmans tend to see familiarity as a procedure in which spouses become mutualist ( e. g. . Berscheid. 1983 ; Kelley et Al. . 1983 ; Reis A ; Patrick. 1996 ) . Mutuality implies that spouses within a dyad control each other‘s outcomes in the class of their interaction ( Kelley A ; Thibaut. 1978 ) . which is fostered by interrelated day-to-day activities for a continuance of clip ( Kelly et Al. . 1983 ) . Close relationships are built on confidant and Mobile Romantic Communication interdependent interactions . wherein intimate feelings and revelations occur ( Altman A ; Taylor. 1973 ; Reis A ; Patrick. 1996 ) . Feelingss of familiarity are influenced by both the quality ( Montgomery. 1988 ; Prager. 2000 ) and the measure of communicating ( Emmers-Sommer. 2004 ; Hays. 1988 ) . We soon focus on the latter. Consider. for illustration. grounds from a recent survey demoing a positive association between the frequence of insouciant interactions and relational results such as liking and satisfaction in married twosomes ( Kline A ; Stafford. 2004 ) . Besides. in Emmers-Sommer‘s ( 2004 ) survey. the measure of interactions including face-to-face and phone calls significantly influence familiarity between spouses in close relationships. These findings resonate with Duck‘s ( 1994 ) contention that mundane talk of relational spouses serves to organize connection between them. In peculiar. the significance of the relationship is created through talk happening in mundane interactions irrespective of the content of the talk ( Duck. 1994 ) . Therefore. we can theorize that more frequent and longer talk between spouses would be critical for them to see a sense of connection. Consequently. it is sensible to anticipate that spouses interacting through nomadic phones more frequently should hold more intimate feelings toward each other. H2: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with higher degrees of familiarity. Attachment Style Last. the present survey examined how the attachment manners of romantically involved participants are associated with their nomadic communicating. Attachment manners have been most often used to understand single differences in relational temperaments ( Daly. 2002 ) . because they can foretell individuals‘ relational forms with important others ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ; Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Mobile Romantic Communication Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ) conceptualized romantic love as an attachment procedure. in which an person becomes emotionally bonded to his/her romantic spouse in a similar manner that an infant becomes attached to primary health professionals. Besides. they contend that persons with different attachment manners experience romantic relationships otherwise ( Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Based on the old grounds. Brennan. Clark. and Shaver ( 1998 ) claimed that fond regard manners can be viewed as a map of two dimensions—avoidance and anxiousness. Avoidance concerns the inclination to maneuver clear of intimate contact due to discomfort with intimacy. while anxiousness represents strong desire for intimacy coupled with fright of forsaking ( Bartholomew A ; Horowitz. 1991 ; Brennan et Al. . 1998 ) . In relation to how attachment manner affects romantic relationships. extant research has found that persons with secure fond regard manners function good in their close relationships. compared to those with dying and avoidant manners. In peculiar. persons with secure fond regards are more likely to prosecute in behaviours that promote familiarity ( Grabill A ; Kerns. 2000 ) . On the contrary. avoidant and dying persons are less likely to prosecute in selfdisclosure ( Grabill A ; Kerns. 2000 ; Mikulincer A ; Nachson. 1991 ) and seeking and giving support ( Mikulincer. Florian. A ; Weller. 1993 ) than those securely attached. Further. in Brennan and Shaver‘s ( 1995 ) survey. the people with unafraid fond regard showed proximity-seeking behaviours. such as sharing thoughts and speaking about each other‘s twenty-four hours with a romantic spouse. more than did those with avoidant and anxious-ambivalence fond regards. Interestingly. Anders and Tucker ( 2000 ) found that av oidant and dying people are non competent in interpersonal communicating. as compared to firmly affiliated people. Based on this. it can be expected that non-securely attached people are less likely to bask interacting with important others over nomadic phones since they engage in lower degrees of self-disclosure and societal support. On the contrary. it is likely that firmly attached persons enjoy nomadic communicating with their spouses more than non-securely attached. both avoidant and dying. opposite numbers. In line with this logical thinking. the undermentioned hypotheses are proposed: H3a: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of turning away. H3b: Higher degrees of Mobile phone usage are associated with lower degrees of anxiousness. Methods Participants Students in introductory communicating categories at a big Southwestern university received excess recognition for their engagement in an on-line study. Although anyone could take part in the survey. merely information from those presently involved in romantic relationships were analyzed for the present survey. All of the participants possessed a nomadic phone. Three married participants were excluded. ensuing in the sample size of 197. The sample included 60 ( 30. 4 % ) males and 137 females. who ranged in age from 18 to 34 ( M = 19. 40. SD = 1. 64 ) . More than half of the participants ( 53. 3 % ) were Caucasic. 21. 3 % were Hispanic. and 16. 2 % were Asiatic. One hundred 28 participants indicated their relational position as ?seriously dating? ( 65. 0 % ) . 39 as ?casually dating? ( 19. 8 % ) . 24 as ?potentially dating? ( 12. 2 % ) . and 6 as ?engaged? ( 3 % ) . The mean relationship length was 15. 4 months ( SD = 15. 42 ) . runing from less than one month to six old ages. Among the participants analyzed. six ( 3 % ) reported on a homosexual relationship. Measures Mobile phone usage. The on-line study asked participants to gauge the sum of clip they spent utilizing calls with their romantic spouse via nomadic phones in a twenty-four hours. Participants besides reported the numerical est imations of the frequence of directing and having calls with their romantic spouse in a twenty-four hours. Because the frequence of doing calls was extremely correlated with that of having calls ( R = . 82 ) . they were summed to make the composite variable named call frequence. The call clip and name frequence variables were analyzed individually because they were comparatively reasonably correlated ( r = . 58 ) . The mean clip in a twenty-four hours participants exhausted naming with their romantic spouse was about an hr and 15 proceedingss ( M = 74. 59 proceedingss. SD = 105. 19. Mode = 60 ) . The mean frequence with which participants used voice calls with their romantic spouse was approximately seven times ( M = 6. 78. SD = 5. 21. Mode = 2 ) in a twenty-four hours. As the big criterion divergence value for each variable indicates. the distributions of these two variables were extremely skewed. Therefore. log transmutations were performed on these variables. which resulted in important betterment in the normalcy of the information. These transformed variables were used in the undermentioned analyses. Relational uncertainness. Theiss and Solomon‘s ( 2006 ) step on relational uncertainness was included in the online study. This step is a shorter version of the step originally developed by Knobloch and Solomon ( 1999 ) . which is comprised of 20 statements. preceded by a root that reads ?How certain are you about. . . ? ? Participants rated their certainty with each statement utilizing a 6-point Likert-type graduated table ( 1 = wholly or about wholly unsure. 6 = wholly or about wholly certain ) . Responses to all points were rearward scored so that higher tonss on these graduated tables indicate higher degrees of uncertainness. The subscale mensurating self uncertainness contained six points. including ?whether you want the relationship to work out in the long run? ( M = 2. 20. SD = 1. 20. ? = . 94 ) . Partner uncertainness besides consisted of six points. including ?whether your spouse is ready to perpetrate to you? ( M = 2. 03. SD = 1. 19. ? = . 95 ) . and relationship unce rtainness included eight points. such as ?whether the relationship will work out in the long run? ( M = 2. 23. SD = 1. 10. ? = . 92 ) . Because the subscales were extremely correlated ( rs = . 64~ . 83 ) . the composite variable of overall relational uncertainness was created. The 20 points were combined so that higher tonss reflect greater uncertainness ( M = 2. 13. SD = 1. 06. ? = . 97 ) . Familiarity. In this survey. familiarity was measured utilizing two constructs: love and committedness. Although familiarity can be assessed by a assortment of ways. we chose love and committedness because they represent good the distinctive. yet related. characteristics—i. e. . intimacy and interdependence—of romantic relationships ( Kelley. 1983 ) . These two variables are frequently considered as indexs of familiarity between romantic spouses ( e. g. . Cole. 2001 ; Solomon A ; Knobloch. 2004 ) . Rubin‘s ( 1970 ) Love Scale was included in the online study. This scale consists of 13 statements with a response graduated table that ranges from 1 ( non at all true ) to 9 ( decidedly true ) . Example points include ?If my spouse were experiencing severely. my first responsibility would be to hearten him/her up? and ?I feel that I can confide in my spouse about virtually everything? ( M = 6. 59. SD = 1. 47. ? = . 90 ) . Committedness was measured with the corresponding subscale developed by Rusbult and associates ( 1998 ) . The commitment subscale consists of seven points. such as ?I want our relationship to last for a really long clip. ? For each point. a 7-point response graduated table ( 1 = do non hold at all. 7 = agree wholly ) was provided ( M = 5. 33. SD = 1. 64. ? = . 92 ) . Because we operationalized familiarity as a mixture of love and committedness. the these two variables ( R = . 75 ) were converted to z-scores and averaged to organize a composite variable of familiarity. Attachment manner. Participants‘ attachment manners were measured by the Multi-Item Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment Scale ( Brennan et al. . 1998 ) . The on-line study included two 18-item subscales: turning away and anxiousness. Example points include ?I prefer non to be near to romantic partners? ( avoidance graduated table ) and ?I worry a batch about my relationships? ( anxiety graduated table ) . For each point. a 7-point Likert-type graduated table ( 1 = disagree strongly. 7 = agree strongly ) was provided. The two subscales were computed so that the higher the mark. the greater the presence of the characteristic referenced by the scale‘s name. Coefficient alphas were. 93 for turning away graduated table ( M = 2. 68. SD = 1. 17 ) and. 91 for anxiousness graduated table ( M = 3. 38. SD = 1. 15 ) . Results Table 1 includes the intercorrelations among survey variables. H1 predicted that nomadic phone usage should negatively correlate with the degrees of relational uncertainness. This anticipation was supported. Call clip was significantly. negatively related to relational uncertainness ( r = . 34. P lt ; . 001 ) . and besides call frequence was negatively associated with relational uncertainness ( r = . 41. P lt ; . 001 ) . These consequences imply that the more the participants placed voice calls via nomadic phones with their spouse. the less they felt relational unc ertainness. The 2nd hypothesis dealt with the relationship between Mobile phone usage and familiarity in romantic relationships. Mobile phone usage was significantly. positively associated with familiarity ( for call clip. R = . 38. P lt ; . 001 ; for call frequence. R = . 42. P lt ; . 001 ) . Participants utilizing nomadic phone calls more often and longer with their romantic spouses reported the greater degrees of familiarity in their relationship. Therefore. H2 was supported. Remember that H3a-b were about the relationship between Mobile phone usage and fond regard manners. H3a posited a negative relationship between Mobile phone usage and the degree of turning away. Participants‘ scores on the turning away graduated table were significantly. negatively associated with the clip they spent naming ( R = . 22. p = . 002 ) and the frequence with which they made and standard calls ( R = . 33. P lt ; . 001 ) . Therefore. H3a was supported. H3b. nevertheless. was non supported. which expected that participants with higher anxiousness tonss should demo reduced degrees of Mobile phone usage. Anxiety was non significantly correlated with call clip ( r = . 11. N ) or call frequence ( R = . 06. N ) . In short. participants who tended to avoid intimate contact used nomadic phones with their spouse significantly less than those who did non. but participants‘ anxiousness on their relationship did non significantly affect nomadic phone usage with their spouse. Discussion This survey examined couples‘ mobile phone usage with respect to their relational and single characteristics—relational uncertainness. familiarity. and attachment. Specifically. participants describing greater frequence and continuance of clip utilizing voice calls showed lower degrees of relational uncertainness and higher degrees of familiarity. In add-on. participants who felt uncomfortable with closenessâ₠¬â€avoidant individuals—tended to utilize voice calls less than those who did non. The findings suggest that in the context of romantic relationships. greater usage of nomadic phones. peculiarly voice calls. is associated with more positive facets of relationships. For illustration. the more the usage of nomadic phones. the lower the reported relational uncertainness ( H1 ) . This is consistent with uncertainness decrease theory ( Berger A ; Calabrese. 1975 ) . which predicts that higher frequence of brushs is associated to take down uncertainness in societal interactions. Previous surveies have demonstrated people‘s inclination to increase verbal interactions to cover with relational uncertainness ( e. g. . Emmers A ; Canary. 1996 ; Planalp A ; Honeycutt. 1985 ; Planalp et Al. . 1988 ) . Likewise. as a manner of interpersonal communicating. nomadic communicating between spouses seems to lend to decrease of their relational uncertainness. The findings besides resonate with Walther‘s ( 1992 ) suggestion that repeated brushs and drawn-out interaction c lip Fosters relational development among spouses pass oning through engineering. The consequences besides indicate that as the sum of nomadic communicating additions. the intimacy between spouses in a relationship additions. The more the nomadic phone usage within romantic couples. the stronger the familiarity ( H2 ) . Given that frequent interconnectedness is necessary to organize a close relationship ( Kelley et al. . 1983 ) . nomadic communicating seems to carry through people‘s need for interconnection in close relationships. This procedure may ensue in greater degrees of love and committedness. and overall more familiarity. The non-tethered characteristic of nomadic phones may let twosomes to pass on with each other whenever and wherever they want. and possibly it besides satisfies the demands of spouses in an confidant relationship who have strong desires to pass on with each other. Apart from the technological factors. immature people‘s forms of nomadic phone usage may further mutuality with their important others. For illustration. alternatively of puting a fixed assignment. they arrange and rearrange it on a real-time footing thanks to mobile phones ( Ling A ; Yttri. 2002 ) . Besides. frequent. short calls and messages may take communicators to continuously experience feelings of connection between them ( Licoppe. 2004 ) . It is possible that more frequent nomadic communicating helps twosomes coordinate their day-to-day activities. which may take to increased feelings of intimacy. Simply talking. the findings of this survey suggest that nomadic communicating between spouses is closely related to their familiarity. Attachment and Mobile Communication As relational temperaments of persons. fond regard manners were associated with nomadic communicating in couple relationships. Participants utilizing lower sums of voice calls within their dating relationships reported higher inclination of turning away ( H3a ) . Highly avoidant people are characterized by experiencing uncomfortable with intimacy. trust. and dependence ( Hazan A ; Shaver. 1987 ) . Therefore. they may experience uneasy being approachable at any clip by their spouse. so they may non take advant age of nomadic phones. whereas non-avoidant people seem to do good usage of nomadic phones to reach their spouse. We expected dying persons would do less usage of nomadic phones. but anxiety dimension was non significantly associated with nomadic phone usage ( H3b ) . This may be because anxiousness. by itself. refers to a cognitive or emotional province instead than behaviors—anxiety over relationship ( forsaking ) . To sum up. turning away degrees of participants affected their nomadic phone usage with spouses. while anxiousness degrees did non. Limitations Some restrictions of the present survey include the self-report method to mensurate the measure of nomadic communicating. which may non be dependable because participants had to remember and gauge the frequence and clip of utilizing nomadic phones. Besides. although it seems rather plausible that nomadic communicating can straight impact uncertainness and familiarity. we can non except the possibility of the other manner of causality. For case. increased degrees of familiarity or connection between spouses may bring on them to prosecute in more contact. These restrictions address future research with tighter methodological control. Despite its restrictions. this survey sheds some light about nomadic communicating in the context of romantic relationships. Taken together. more usage of nomadic phones between romantic spouses was associated with a better quality of their relationship. This survey contributes to our cognition on the nature of romantic relationships in times when communicating engineering plays an progressively critical function in making. maintaining. and ending personal relationships. Mentions Altman. I. A ; Taylor. D. A. ( 1973 ) . Social incursion: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. Anders. S. L. . A ; Tucker. J. S. ( 2000 ) . Adult attachment manner. interpersonal communicating competency. and societal support. Personal Relationships. 7. 379-389. Bartholomew. K. . A ; Horowitz. L. M. ( 1991 ) . Attachment manners among immature grownups: A trial of a four-category theoretical account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64. 226-244. 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Avoidance ? . 58** . 35** . 32** . 31** . 36** . 36** . 37** . 38** . 22* ? . 33** . 39** . 39** . 41** . 40** . 41** . 42** . 33** ? . 64** . 83** . 90** . 71** . 84** . 82** . 56** ? . 76** . 87** . 56** . 62** . 63** . 50** ? . 96** . 66** . 78** . 75** . 60** ? . 71** . 82** . 80** . 61** ? . 75** . 94** . 57** ? . 94** . 61** ? . 63** ? ? 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11. Anxiety . 11 . 06. 09. 31** . 26** . 25** . 04 . 09 . 04. 24** Note. a Composite variable of ego. spouse. and relationship uncertainness. b Composite variable of love and committedness N = 187~197. * P lt ; . 01. ** P lt ; . 001.

laissez-faire free essay sample

Profit, which equals the cost on a business minus by revenue, is one of the most important things to a business owner. The business and products I talk here are all long-term. One of the simplest ways to get more profit is to decrease the cost on a product. First, and the simplest one is to decrease the money you pay for the workers, especially for companies have huge number of products and little profit on every single good. (Actually, most companies are like this. ) Consider if every company is doing the same thing.At first, because the less you pay to the workers, the lowest price of your rodents can be lower, the easier you can sell your goods, but as the money become less and less, workers cannot afford the products and the demand of your products starts to decrease which will cause the price keep reducing and the amount of good you sold also get lower and lower. We will write a custom essay sample on laissez-faire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the result, you have to pay your workers even much lower to keep your cost less than your revenue. For workers, the wage getting lower also causes a lot of disaffection to the company. It will become a vicious circle and finally cause the whole companys bankruptcy.Another way is use less people, which means automation. The big problem here is unemployment, more and more people will lose their job and income, which will also cause the demand decreases and become the same ending as the first theory. Lets talk about competition between different companies. If the government doesnt have any limit to the companies, bigger companies with more power and money will start to gobble up other small ones, these things keep repeating, large enterprises get larger, and the small ones get smaller or even are swallowed up by others.Finally, the largest company will monopoly the whole market and controls the price of these products. Because there is only one company, they can get the price as high as they want, (all the supply is from the same source, so they can control the amount they provide to the market and the price they want for the goods. ) The company become more and more powerful and affects the whole market which will not be an open, competitive market anymore. Another way to explain the disadvantage of monopoly is that most countries today have their antitrust laws to anti-monopoly.