High Allegiance To Culture Is Detrimental to Well-Being Research Paper

High Allegiance To Culture Is Detrimental to Well-Being - Research Paper Example This is vital in bringing out the discrepancies that Amy tries to illuminate in her book. Thereafter, the arguments that prop this statement shall roll out to defend the same. However, the discussion covers the scope of different possibilities to a single situation. Cultures differ in of terms stability, stakeholders and inheritors of the same and awareness of a group about their own culture. While some groups know whatever entails their culture, another group may have a culture without committing to the same. The discussion shall focus on daughter-mother relationships to illustrate the detriment of culture disparities and intolerance on growth of individuals. High allegiance to culture is a detriment to the wellbeing of individuals. This novel is entails the story around four Chinese families that have settled in America. The families are composed of daughters and mothers. Through these characters, the story illuminates the embodiment of culture. The four Chinese families experience their unison by playing their own games and engaging in culinary activities. The Chinese families are in America due to their own various reasons. The first mum in the story dies before the events to the whole plot pick up. Suyuan Woo is a Chinese woman who lives in china with her family and husband. However, the husband is involved way from home in the Second World War. Woo goes through difficult times trying to harness hope for herself and her family. During this war period, she forms the original joy club with a few of her friends. The war escalates and the Japanese invade China. In despair, and before the Joy club matures, Woo sets off with her twin children to escape out of China. On the way, she gets sick and abandons her kids in wait of her own death (Dong 21). Fortunately, a lorry comes by and rescues her before she succumbs. She, then, immigrate into America whereby she remarries (Tan 19). In USA, she encounters her four friends whereby they form another joy club. She bear s a daughter known as Jing Mei. Jing Mei is the striving force behind Suyuan’s strength in bearing the loss of her twin children. She succumbs to a disease before she actualizes her hope of meeting her two children. The next character is Lindo. Lindo, too, escaped from China due to her unique reasons. While she was twelve, her society obliges her to marry a sixteen-year old boy. Since they shared little attachment, she decides to flee on the pretext of spiritual grounds. She is domineering character who strives to shape the direction of her daughter’s life (Rosinky 52). Similarly, there exists An Mei who immigrates into America due to her unique reasons. An- Mei grows up as an orphan due to traumatic events that befalls her family. Her mother faces rejection from her first family since she remarries as a concubine to a wealthy man. An- Mei’s mother commits suicide due to trauma she undergoes in her new home. On her mother’s death, she finds her way out of China. During her stay in USA, she marries whereby she has seven children. The last principal character in this story is Ying- ying. Her Chinese family is wealthy and conservative. The family teaches Ying -ying to define her femininity by being demure. However, Ying-ying possesses a strong personality that she hides in order to please her family. She gets to marry a man whom she realizes she does not share an attachment. The husband becomes abusive and; therefore, she

Responsible business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responsible business - Essay Example The concept of ethical business will be explained using a real-life example from a business that shows the perfect application of ethical business practices. This will help in developing the theme of how organizations create and implement ethical practices in the workplace. Additionally, the effect of ethical behaviour affects the behaviour of organizations and the society in general. This will be followed by an analysis of the role of the government in approaching responsible business. Responsible Business From definition, a responsible business performs actions that are strategic, comprehensive and connect with all the players in the industry. This model describes a way of acting on decisions and problems in a systematic and connected way. This approach also enlightens the leaders of the organization, including the board of directors, the team that deals with the customers, the government and non-for profits organizations (Pohl & Tolhurst, 2010). According to the tenets of responsi ble business, apart from making profits, an organization should also encourage practices that reflect ethical, social and environmental goals. This can be done by the employing business practices considered responsible by the society. For example, the provision of safe and healthy working environments for employees, being an equal opportunity employer, avoiding inequality and injustice in the organization, and avoiding bullying, harassment or discrimination in the workplace (Sanford, 2011). This can be done by setting organizational policies and cultures that reflect the factors mentioned above and ensuring that the employees and management follow these policies. Additionally, societal and environmental concerns are applied when the policies that guide the organization are made, which is mainly done to influence other stakeholders in a business. Reducing risks faced in the working environment also makes up part of the responsible business model, for example, by reducing the environm ental and health risks faced by employees in the organization. Additionally, the organization should also work to ensure that risks that its operations pose to the society and community are reduced through the use of responsible work technologies and procedures (Smith, 2010). The term responsible business covers a wide range of factors, and some of the concepts that it encompasses are CSR, ethics, business sustainability and social considerations. The application of these factors ensures that a business’s operations are considered responsible. Responsible businesses adhere to these practices in order to ensure that it continues with profitable ventures in the community and follows the ethical codes dictated by the society. Another concept that is similar to responsible business is corporate social responsibility (CSR), which refers to the analysis of an organization’s duties and how its actions degrades or uplifts the community in which it operates (Kotler & Lee, 2011) . Another factor that relates to responsible business is ethical business. A distinction between a sustainable and ethical business is that a business that places emphasis on a specific code of conduct is referred to as an ethical business, while a sustainable business is one that is able to continue operations through sustainable trading. Ethical Business Ethics is one of the issues make up an individual’s personality, makes the basis for behaviour, morals and

A Look At St Michael The Archangel

A Look At St Michael The Archangel The Holy Scriptures often speak of created intelligences, other than humans, who worship God in heaven and act as His messengers and agents on earth (The Vatican). These beings are known as angels. Angels are mentioned in the Bible when they deliver messages, or appear in humans dreams. Gabriel is the angel who appears most to humans. Michael is called an archangel and a spirit prince. (Students Life Application Bible, Daniel 10:13, 31). The archangel Michael is also a saint and is revered world-wide. What is an angel? The Vatican describes them as spiritual, non-corporeal beings (The Vatican). This implies that angels are something altogether separate from human beings. But, angels are also blessed with free will. Angels have a choice whether to follow God or not. God at the beginning of time created from nothing both creatures together, the spiritual and the corporeal, that is, the angelic and the earthly, and thus He created human nature as having both, since it is made up of spirit and of body (The Vatican). Angels then, do not have bodies and are just spirits. They can take the form of a human, as they often do when they are mentioned in the Bible. But it is not a true body like ours. Humans are both spiritual and corporeal. We have a body and we have a soul. Angels live in heaven with God and according to St. Augustine, always behold the face of my Father who is in heaven. St. Michael is called an archangel, where does this place him? There are classes of angels, according t o Pope Gregory 1. This is the order he believed was to be the order of angels from highest rank to lowest: Seraphim, Cherubim, Thrones, Dominions, Principalities, Powers, Virtues, Archangels and Angels. This points out that angels are actually are on the lowest scale of the celestial hierarchy. Even Michael, who is an archangel, is not one of the higher ranks of angels. But, we do not hear of any types of angels specifically except for the four, or sometimes seven archangels. The four archangels are Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel. (Michael and All Angels) According to the Bible, an angel spoke, I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord. In Enoch: 20, the seven archangels are listed. And these are the names of the holy angels who watch: 1. Uriel, one of the holy angels, who is over the world and over Tartarus. 2. Raphael, one of the holy angels, who is over the spirits of men. 3. Raguel, one of the holy angels who takes vengean ce on the world of the luminaries. 4. Michael, one of the holy angels, to wit, he that is set over the best part of mankind and over chaos. 5. Saraqà ¢Ãƒ ªl, one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit. 6. Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim. 7. Remiel, one of the holy angels, whom God set over those who rise. It is often said that these angels are associated with planets of the Solar system and specifically, Michael is paired with Saturn. (Michael and all Angels). Michael the Archangel is mentioned only four times in the Bible. He is mentioned in Revelations Then there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon and his angels. And the dragon lost the battle and he and his angels were forced out of heaven. This gives us the image that Michael is the one who physically throws Satan out of heaven, though it was God who banished him. Daniel states, But the prince of the kingdom of Persia opposed me twenty-one days. So Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, and I left him there with the prince of the kingdom of Persiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.There is no one with me who contends against these princes except Michael, your prince (Daniel 21:13,21). Michael is twice called a prince in these Bible verses. This gives us an image of Michael being exulted over others in heaven and on earth. This is true, he is one of the beloved angels and he is worshipped on earth as well. According to research, Michael is also mentioned again in Daniel At that time Michael, the great prince, the protector of your people, shall arise. (Daniel 12:1). As you can see, in many of these Bible verses Michael is called a spirit prince, prince, protector of the people. Michael, in a way, is a prince. He fights for the protection of the reign of God, and he helps humans in their times of need. I admire St. Michael the Archangel because he is willing to risk everything for his Lord. Even though God does not like killing and war, he has a heavenly army and Michael is its commander. Michael fights for the one true thing he believes in. He is someone I would aspire to be like.

Essay --

There are many different programs, which offer scholarships for studying in different parts of the world. In order to pick the right one for you, one needs to clearly understand what he/she expects from the program. I find UGRAD to be one of most promising programs for studying in the US for me, because it offers everything I’m looking for. Studying in the US has many great advantages like having an opportunity to get higher quality education, learning about the American people, exploring their lifestyle, culture and holidays, improving your English as well as becoming more responsible and mature person than you are currently. Armenian education system is descendent of the former Soviet Union one, so as a consequence it is more concentrating on theory rather than on the practical usage of the information. The problem is that without knowing how to apply the knowledge, one won't be able to become a good specialist. It is like having a tool but not knowing how to use it. Imagine having the latest, most powerful computer without having a power supply. You can’t make any use of it. This is the situation I found myself in - universities here give profound knowledge however, they are far from providing you with skills of using it. Whereas American education system pays more attention to practical skills, which include ability of doing research, actively interacting with problems of real life as well as developing critical thinking skills. Not to mention that due to having much more progressive equipment and better facilities studying is an easier, more attractive and more joyful process for students. Studying in the US is a perfect solution, as I will get best from both of the worlds. Besides academic challenges, ther... ... As soon as we get to know it better, we find it interesting and even like it. This is the kind of experience I’m looking for. Speaking of motivation I must admit that it came from my English teacher, who kindly showed me the right path to a better future. Thanks to her I had a chance to meet teachers from the US, communicate with them, ask many questions. That was the moment when I realized what I was missing. And the reason beyond my desire to get the best possible education is actually the fact I want to make my country a better place to live in. Armenian economic system is having a hard time nowadays, and the reason is the lack of proper specialist, who would lead the country to the right direction. I hope all the skills and knowledge I’ll bring with me from the US in case of being chosen will help me to become one of the leaders my country needs so much.

Invasive Species Climate Change And Aquatic Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration and invasive species have been a disputing job in this planetary alteration. When many emphasiss act in synergy they may finally hold unexpected and irreversible effects for the native communities and besides may impact economically valuable human activities such as piscaries in a peculiar part ( Ambrogi, 2007 ) . To avoid and minimise impact of invasive species, appropriate sensing and control should be find to accomplish optimal consequence, include sing influence of clime alteration. This paper attempt to give general overview of the consequence of clime alteration on invasive species, started with reexamining consequence of clime alteration on aquatic ecosystem, so specific to aquatic invasive species ( AIS ) peculiarly the consequence of altered thermic government, and eventually place steps to be taken. Invasive species, clime alteration and aquatic ecosystems As defined in Executive Summary of the National Invasive Species Management Plan ( NISMP ) the term invasive species is â€Å" a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose debut causes or is likely to do economic or environmental injury or injury to human wellness † ( NISC, 2006 ) . Raaymakers ( 2007 ) has observed that homo has contributed in the procedure of species dispersal every bit long as they have sailed across the seas ; moreover, in modern times with canal development, motion of big Marine construction, marine being attached to drifting marine dust, flight of species from fish tank, and ballast H2O and hull fouling of commercial transportation. Natural scientists besides have determined that human activities have become dominant force in act uponing clime, greatly exceeds the influence by natural procedure such as volcanic eruption and solar alterations. Incoming solar radiation and out-going infrared ( thermic ) radiation that are portion of Earth ‘s energy balance are altered by nursery gases and aeroA ­sols. The overall consequence of human activities on clime has been a warmA ­ing influence ( IPCC, 2007 ) . Ecosystem was influenced by clime in many ways ; some are more vulnerable and sensitive than other. Animal, workss and micro-organism lives are strongly attuned in clime, for illustration temperature fluctuation ; sum, timing or signifier of precipitation ( Committee, 2008 ) . In aquatic system, Rahel and olden ( 2008 ) province that warmer H2O temperatures, shorter continuance of ice screen, altered streamflow forms, increased salinization, and increased demand for H2O storage and conveyance constructions is projected as consequence of clime alteration. As an illustration, in instance of US aquatic ecosystem, Poff, Brinson & A ; Day ( 2002 ) sum up several of import points sing possible impact of clime alteration, such as exposure of aquatic and wetland ecosystems to climate alteration, displacement in thermic suitableness of aquatic home grounds for occupant species by increasing of temperature, and negative effects caused by seasonal displacements in watercourse overflow. However, in their research, most specific ecological response to climate alteration can non be predicted because of new combinations of native and non native species interaction in fresh status. Climate alteration induced on ecosystem conditions besides can enable spread of invasive species through both range enlargement and creative activity of home grounds and conditions suited for freshly introduced invasive species. Research on clime alteration and invasive species is limited ; nevertheless, many surveies on possible climate-change impacts to aquatic systems and AIS exist ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . Consequence of clime alteration on aquatic invasive species AIS can do broad scope of ecological impacts, including loss of native biodiversity, altered home grounds, alterations in H2O chemical science, altered biogeochemical procedures, hydrological alterations, and altered nutrient webs ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . Gritti in Hellmann ( 2008 ) noted that due to its pervasiveness and possible consequence on cardinal biological procedure, clime alteration will interact with other bing stressor to impact distribution, spread, copiousness and impact of invasive species. Altered conditions such as increased atmospheric C dioxide, modified precipitation governments, warming ocean and coastal currents, increased ambient temperature, and altered nitrogen distribution can increase invasive species success in some contexts. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation governments are likely to hold larger effects on AIS than increasing degrees of C dioxide ( US-EPA, 2008 ) . In general, figure 1 shows classification of aquatic system features that will be altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact invasive species. Figure 1. Features of aquatic system that will altered by clime alteration and how these alterations will impact invasive species ( Rahel, 2008 ) As identified by several researches mentioned supra, there are many altered status which perchance influence AIS ; nevertheless, this paper will merely concentrate to reexamine the consequence on AIS by altered thermic government. Consequence of altered thermic government on aquatic invasive species Since most aquatic beings are poikilothermic, temperature is of import in their physiology, bionenergetics, behaviour, and biogeography. Warmer clime will spread out the geographic countries with suited temperatures for warmwater aquaculture, tropical fish civilization, and out-of-door H2O gardens ( Rahel, 2008 ) . For illustration, McCauley in Rahel ( 2008 ) identified that optimum temperatures for aquaculture of mudcat are projected to travel 240 km northerly in the southeasterly US for every 1i‚ °C addition in average one-year air temperature. Change in likeliness of invasive species that will be established besides caused by H2O temperatures warmwith climate alteration. Fish are frequently classified into thermic clubs based on temperature tolerance. Coldwater temperatures can be viewed as a filter that prevents warmwater-adapted species from set uping self-sufficient populations. This filter is decreasing, and warmwater species could distribute to new countries ( Rahel, 2008 ) . Warming H2O temperatures may besides do thermic lake stratification governments, ensuing in earlier commixture and phytoplankton blooms that may change zooplankton development. Changes to timing of zooplankton reproduction and/or copiousness could prefer certain species over others and have possible negative effects for aquatic ecosystems ( Winder in US-EPA, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Rahel ( 2008 ) province that â€Å" altered thermic governments could intercede the impacts of established non-native species on native species through displacements in competitory laterality between native and nonnative species, increased ingestion of native quarry species by non-native marauders, or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. † Water temperature raise their nutrient ingestion rate until thermally nerve-racking conditions are reached. This status could amplify impacts of non-native marauders on native quarry species. Marcogliese in Rahel ( 2008 ) besides conclude that clime heating may increase virulency of nonnative parasites and pathogens to native species through leting disease beings finishing their life rhythm more quickly and achieve higher population densenesss. Another consequence of warming temperatures may be an addition in figure of sexual versus nonsexual generative periods for works species, ensuing in increased rates of spread. Diaz-Amela in US-EPA ( 2008 ) associated the blossoming rhythms of a Mediterranean seagrass to warming H2O temperatures. Rahel ( 2008 ) examined that most researcher focal point on how climate alteration will increase figure and badness of invasions. However, in specific instance, positive consequence in diminishing AIS besides exist ; for illustration, some invasive coldwater species may be unable to prevail under new clime conditions. However, since clime alteration has high possibility to alter ecosystems, the influence of clime alteration should be taking into consideration in finding sensing and control steps to pull off the menaces. Measures There are several steps sing Invasive species. It should be start with national scheme and supported by international co-operation. Then, early sensing and schemes for obliteration, containment, control and extenuation through mechanical, biological and chemical method should be developed ( GISP, 2001 ) . Sing clime alteration influence, supervising study can supply foundation for measuring combine effects of clime alteration and invasion by supplying baseline biotic and environmental status, though public-service corporation of a study depends whether the consequence are quantitative or qualitative, and other design consideration ( Lee, 2008 ) . Although clime alteration is planetary graduated table procedure, it has diverse regional manifestation. Ecological impact normally has local features and varies from topographic point to topographic point ( Committee, 2008 ) . To forestall farther effect that might be occurred, more research in each specific location should be conducted to explicate steps that can be taken sing this mater. There are several ongoing control plans for AIS that besides should be review related to climate alteration. For illustration, in instance of mechanical harvest home and weedkillers which used to command Eurasiatic watermilfoil in the littoral zone of lakes, and scouring or molluscicides which used to forestall clogging of H2O intake pipes by zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes, warmer H2O temperatures could let these and other invasive species to get down growing earlier in the twelvemonth and maintain growing subsequently into the autumn. Therefore, dearly-won control actions would necessitate to be implemented more often. Review besides have to be done for migration barrier building or step with cut downing solar input into watercourses by increasing shadowing from riparian flora ( Rahel, 2008 ) . Decision Human has contributed in doing clime alteration and AIS job. Measures have been developing to get the better of economic, environment and human wellness job caused by AIS. Since clime alteration has high possibility to alter ecosystem, it is an of import thing to see influence of clime alteration in pull offing hazard of AIS. Specifically, altered thermic government cause by clime alteration has altered pathway, change the likeliness of AIS constitution and switch competitory laterality between native and nonnative species or increased effects of non-native parasites on native species. Therefore, these alterations should be integrated in schemes for sensing, obliteration, containment, control and extenuation of AIS.

Reverence for Life Essay

At the height of his career, Albert Schweitzer was considered one of the most influential men of his time. He inspired millions of people with his speeches of revelations of life and how fulfilling a human’s life can be. Decades later after his death, we look at the world and what is taking place. Amongst the some good on this planet, we still see destruction, death, and corrupt politics [at the very least in the United States]. In 3rd world countries where there are war motivated nations, along with other countries potentially bad ethics, perhaps it is time to reflect on Schweitzer’s words and thoughts during his life. In Africa, where humans and animals fight for their lives, is when Schweitzer had a revelation and came up with a philosophy that would change the way we look at the world. He accomplished this with 3 simple words, Reverence for Life. After coming up with this phrase on a boat journey up stream through the hearth of Africa, he came invented an entirely new philosophy. In its simplest form, Reverence for Life means that we as living creatures on planet Earth, are only sure that we want to live and keep on living. This is something that we share with everything else that lives whether it be, plants, animals, insects, etc. Because of this, anyone or animal or plant that lives on this planet is connected by this one amazing thing. Nothing, whether be race, skin tone, religion, should be more important than this will to live. The world has evolved through millions of years to bring and support life. Every living thing on the planet or even non-living is supported by the Earth. The difference between humans and the rest of all the living organisms is that we humans are the only species that recognize this. This revelation is very important to humans since we have the ability to destroy life or neglect life, even to cause suffering and death. Needless to say, humans have some responsibility here. It is true that some suffering and death is unavoidable. For example, killing cattle for food, or trees for wood. Even vegans or vegetarians must kill living plants for food. Reverence for Life is simply saying we must be aware of what we are doing. We must be aware of what we are doing, 9 simple words that have such a deep and meaningful impact on everything and anything we humans are doing. Politics has good and negative impacts on society. How we change the environment can have positive or negative impacts on not only humans, but the entire living world as well. Sometimes, we can be blinded on the bigger picture when we alter environment, for simple reasons such as shelter, money or greed. One very clear example of this is clear cutting. It is true that humans need shelter. But we must be conscious when we begin clear cutting millions of acres of trees in rainforests or other places. After taking classes like environmental science, one really gains an appreciation for the environment and how even minor changes to a small environment, can have detrimental consequences to the rest of the world. In the case of clear cutting, not only are thousands of species dying but surrounding environments change as well. Less oxygen for the world, more co2 in the atmosphere due to lack of trees eating the co2 is just one example of how the entire planet can be affected. This is just one tiny example but raises good points. When humans make a decision to say, clear cut trees, we must look at the bigger picture on how this is going to affect us. And we can learn from these decisions as well, maybe find an alternative source to wood to build houses or build desks made of wood. For Schweitzer, even the smallest form of life is incredibly important. The ethical person goes out of his way to avoid injuring anything that is living; he doesn’t tear leaves from trees or step on insects. He rescues worms stranded on a sidewalk after a rain. Schweitzer ethics say a person should be reluctant and think before going and do something simple as shatter ice. As some may say these ethics are a little extreme, but possibly we could learn from this to help us think of the bigger picture before humans go on with an action or a decision. This can apply in not just nature but in other aspects as well. Aspects such as governments, in Africa for example. Africa is one the most devastated continent on the planet. Suffering from war, famine, murders, genocide, and more one can’t help but think why it is like that and how it can be fixed. For one, before humans got there none of this was going on. We can only blame ourselves as humans for the action happening overseas. As governments are the leaders and decision makers of countries in Africa, it is there responsibility along with the rest of the human population to be aware what is happening in Africa and start working more aggressively to fix these problems. This being said, I agree with Albert Schweitzer Reverence for Life ethics. We must take responsibility for what we do when we take water from a stream, cook and clean with the water being taken, when we kill an animal, or when we as humans kill other humans. The key concept here is being aware of what is going on in our surroundings. Life is tender and amazing. Science tells us that the Earth is a very powerful yet sensitive planet. When we alter the planet or take form the planet, it is vital to be aware of re-actions to our actions so to speak. After all this floating ball of rock in space is providing everything we need to support life. Perhaps it is wise to take care and protect the limited resources and re-newable resources this planet provides us. Whatever it maybe, we have good reason to feel reverence for each other, other living things, and our planet and its contents.

Taxation in the United States

Taxation in the United States Introduction Payments of taxes in the US are made up of four levels, which can make the whole system a complex matter. The tax code of the US is possibly the most composite compared with other countries, and each day the Congress includes additional pages for tax regulation. These four levels normally include federal government, state government, regional government and local government (Economicwatch.com).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Taxation in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The forms of tax levied at every government level vary partly as a result of constitutional restrictions; income tax, for instance, is levied at state and federal government levels. Property taxes are normally levied only at local government level, though there might be numerous local jurisdictions which levy similar properties. Various state governments as well as federal government impose excise taxes while the local and state governments impose sales taxes, it is only the federal government that imposes the tariffs or custom duties (Economicwatch.com). Other various taxes like the licence fees are also imposed (Economicwatch.com). Taxes are normally levied on the natural persons (individuals), estates, business entities, trusts or any other types of organization. US taxes are based on income, property, business activity, importation of products, transactions, or other things and are normally levied on the relevant taxpayer for whom these factors are relevant. For instance, property owners are levied property taxes, individuals and business activities are levied income taxes; with some exceptions, one government level cannot impose taxes on the other government level. The subsequent section of this paper will focus on the US’s Federal taxation. Historical overview of taxation in US Ever since 1862 disbursing income tax to the federal government was made compulsory in the US. This was impo rtant in order to fund Civil War during that time, all the income level above $600 was taxed at a 3% income tax rate and a 5% tax rate was taxed in case the income was more than $10,000 (Economicwatch.com). But these rates were amended in 1864, and in the fiscal year 1895 the Supreme Court changed property taxes and affirmed that any income from the property would be taxed. Currently, a range of Federal government activities are financed by income earned from personal and corporate income taxes. In the past, these activities were funded by tariffs, but presently tariffs play an irrelevant role in offering financial support for the Federal government activities (Economicwatch.com).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tax code There is a tax code in the US’s taxation that is commonly called Internal Revenue Code of 1986; the main objective of this code is to coll ect revenues. In addition, the code is used to fulfil the social, economic and political objectives of the Federal government (Economicwatch.com). Tax progressivity The taxation system in the US is progressive, this means that as income increases the tax also increases meaning the taxpayer with superior income pays huge amount of taxes as well as superior tax rates. For instance, an individual earning $120,000 per year may pay 25% of his/her income as tax ($30,000 as total tax per year), while another individual earning $50,000 per annum may only pay at rate of 10% ($5,000 as tax per year) (Roach 11). The system of tax may also be proportional or regressive; a regressive system of tax is one when the tax paid decreases and an individual income increases at the same time; a proportional system of tax means that all taxpayers pay equal tax rate in spite of their income level (Roach 11). There are a number of reasons why the government uses progressive system of tax. First, this system represents an idea that those having high incomes must pay more taxes as a result of their superior capability to pay taxes without any crucial sacrifices. Second, the system addresses some economic inequalities existing in the society. The inequality is lessened through the use of high tax rate for those individuals with high income levels and a lower rate for those with low income levels (Roach 12). Finally, the system of progressive tax may yield a certain public income level with the smallest amount of economic impact. For instance, if there is a tax cut of $100, the individuals with low income may spend the whole amount in purchasing services and goods while the high income earners may spend a proportion of the $100 on services and goods and invest or save the rest. The saved or invested amount does not include additional demand level for services or goods in the economy. Thus, collecting more taxes from high earners maintains a superior and effective demand as well as more ac tivity in the economy (Roach 12). Residency status In order to file tax return in the US an individual must determine whether he/she is a non-resident or resident for tax purposes. Thus, if an individual is a non-resident and resident in one year, he/she is an alien with dual status, which means special rules are applied.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Taxation in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The description of a resident for the purpose of taxes is completely different from the immigration status; this is because one may qualify to be a resident for the purpose of taxes, but still remain to be an alien for immigration purposes (Carter 1). A non-resident files a particular tax form and pays the tax only on the income earned in the US and he/she is subjected to particular rates where one may qualify for the treaty exemptions. On the other hand, US residents for the purpose of taxes are subject ed to similar rules and thus file similar forms as US citizens. This means that the worldwide income is reported instead of just incomes from the US sources (Carter 1). The US has treaties on the income tax with various foreign nations. In these treaties, foreign nations’ citizens resident in the US are levied at a lower rate or may be exempted from the income taxes of the US on specific items of the income they earn from sources. These decreased rates as well as exemptions differ amongst the nations and particular items of the income. In case a specific type of income is not covered by the treaty, or there exists no treaty between one nation and the US, the individual should pay tax on his/her income in similar manner and similar rate as shown in Form 1040NR’s instructions. Treaties on taxes decrease the tax paid by the foreign nations’ citizens resident in US; with specific exceptions, these treaties do not decrease taxes levied on the residents or US citizens (Unclefed.com). Advantages and disadvantages The benefits of levying tax on income are several; Individuals are levied depending on their total earnings, therefore individuals who earn less in theory pay a smaller amount of tax on their earnings. Individuals do not consume at equal rate, thus tax on incomes is an equitable manner of evaluating tax compared with the consumption tax. Individuals with lower levels of earnings would be mainly affected by direct tax on the consumption, because even essential things such as motor vehicles would considerably be more expensive. Earnings are a simple way to impose taxes as well as decide deductions. Whilst individuals may contend with a small number of pay stumps they ought to save, in the consumption tax, individuals may save the receipts for each acquisition they made throughout the year so as to qualify for tax breaks (Wisegeek.com). On the other hand, taxation disadvantages include; first, the tax collection on the income is mainly th ought to be harder than consumption tax that would be taxed at particular sale’s point. Second, taxation on income puts the lower class and middle class individuals on financial hardship, in spite of the total amount of income.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, some individuals deem that the tax on the income is an infringement of the individual freedom of citizens. Particularly Libertarians contend that income tax infringes the right of the individual to make a decision on how to utilize the money that one receives. Finally, individuals reimbursed â€Å"under the table† might be capable of evading payment of the income taxes (Wisegeek.com). Conclusion Income tax is the main federal tax followed by the taxes on social insurance. The equality of federal tax is a significant issue in the system of the US taxation. The income tax is one of the major progressive constituents of the US system of tax and other types of taxes such as social insurance and sales taxes are normally regressive. Economicwatch.com. US Taxation, Taxation in United States, 2010. Web. Roach, Benard. â€Å"Progressive and Regressive Taxation in the United States: Who’s really paying (and not paying) their fair share?† 2003. Global Development E nvironment Institute, Working Paper No. 03-10. Unclefed.com. US Tax Treaties, 2006. Web. Wisegeek.com. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a tax on earnings? 2011. Web.