The Power Of Brand Accessibility Coca Cola Marketing Essay

The Power Of cross out Accessibility Coca low-down Marketing EssayCoca-Cola is a carbonated soft pledge sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines internation exclusivelyy. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is much referred to simply as Coke or (in European and American countries) as cola, pop, or in some diverges of the U.S. soda. Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the novel 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman As a Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the pitying beings soft-drink market through with(predicate)out the 20th century.The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the homo. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, claimd other cola drinks under the Coke shop reveal. The or so common of these is D iet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee. marker development strategy of Coca Cola has been far hit and has managed to remain in the limelight ever since it became a favorite with the non strong drinkers.It has been noticed that set loyalty is an important factor in maintaining the number champion position. ounded in the year 1886, the Coca Cola company enjoys the status of being one of the biggest non alcoholic beverage companies of the world. It has a distribution system, which makes it remarkable from the rest of the non alcoholic beverage manufacturers. Over the years, Coca Cola has passed several tests of inciter enhancement and the company makes it a point that the fruits under the banner Coca Colacontinue to invade the minds of the consumers.The tarnish development strategy of Coca Cola comprised redesigning of its grass develo pment policies and techniques to keep up with the changing mindset of its consumers. Earlier, this taint believed in the following Afford ability, Availability, Acceptability, However, this sword development strategy of Coca Cola was re worked to stress on the following instead Price value, Preference Pervasive penetration.The essence of scratch construct of the company lies in the fact that it wants its consumers accessibility to be within an arms reach of desire. In an attempt to build its inciter identity, as many as 20 instigant attributes ar tested every month involving as many as 4000 customers. The brand development strategy of Coca Cola is impelling as it has been able to construct, manage As nearly as maintain its brand image. Another reason why this brand has gained unanimous acceptance all around the globe is due to the fact that it has been able to connect very well with its consumers. This implies brand loyalty. fault loyalty has been instrumental in keeping u p the brand image of Coca Cola. It believes in shelling out the best so that the consumers atomic number 18 retained by default. A part of the brand construction technique is also to enhance leverage frequency. The company has also invested in various advertisement campaigns often engaging the services of celebrities around the globe. In sum to the consumers, there is another category of consumers, who increase the consumer base and they constitute the collectors of the brand. The collectors usually indulge in collecting old as well as coming(prenominal) logos of Coca Cola, bottles and literary matter.With regard to the brand development of Coca Cola Zero, the company came out with an advertisement, which was quite diametrical from the conventional ones. In this regard, (no large calorie beverage), it has shelled out three types ofproducts.Coca Cola ClassicDiet CokeCoca Cola Zero.There are few experts who believe that when Coca Cola had the tag line ofThe Real Thing, it was rea lly that but with the invention of variouscategories of coke, the real thing changes to many things, and theoriginal flavor is usually lost. Hence, the brand create strategiesshould be such that it does not confuse people and is able to retainconsumers despite the fact that several sassy non alcoholic beveragefirms are on the anvil.The Power of Brand AccessibilityIf you were another soft drink company, you might define your competitiveframe of reference as the cola market or the soft drink market or even thebeverage market. But Coke thinks of its business and its market share interms of share of valet de chambre liquid consumption. This makes water acompetitor. In fact, a Coke executive has said that he wont be satisfied untilthere is a Coca-Cola faucet in every home. Coca-Colas mantra is withinan arms reach of desire.One Final Coca-Cola FactA recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second approximately recognizedexpression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola.Brand Equ ity-The brand assets (or liabilities) linked to a brands name and symbol thatadd from a service.Brand legality is difficult to measure because much of it depends on consumers perceptionand opinions of a brand. When a product has broad(prenominal) brand equity they are in(predicate) atretaining their current customers by keeping them satisfied with the quality of products andservice. They are also successful at attracting untested customers who have heard of the brandthrough successful marketing or word of mouth.Coca-Colas brand equity is difficult to measure because they have extended their brand toinclude legion(predicate) products. In addition to the legion(predicate) of versions of Coca-Cola world wide of the markthat compete against other beverage brands, Coca-Cola competes with itself. Nationallythere are numerous versions / brands that are a part of the Coca-Cola family. Some of thebrands include Coca-Cola Classic, Dasani Water, Full Throttle, Fanta, and soybean plant P roducts. Inaddition to competing against itself the Coca-Cola Company has saturated the market andconsumers who may dislike one product may actually enjoy a different Coca-Cola product.However, the consumer may be unaware that the beverage is actually in the Coca-Colafamily. As a result measuring brand equity may be difficult as consumers may be loyal andrepeat customers of a brand and not k today its origin.Coca Cola was taking its core product, Coke, and expanding the product in newform factors and new overseas markets. The brand promise stayed the samewhether it was sold in a Coke store in current York or a road side stand in Mongolia refreshment, good eons, and pure Americana.Despite the numerous brands and the difficulty in measuring brand equity it is evident thatCoca-Cola has high brand equity. They are a company who has been in business for manyyears they have gained the business of consumers in the soda market as well as numerousother beverage markets nationally and inte rnationally. Their sales and growth show thatthey are a successful companyBrand identitythe brand identity is the audio-visual face of the brand the cues that tell you that you are are inthe right place. The brand definition is the formal description of what the brand stands for within differentdescription categories its personality, its value, its stories, its emotional benefits etc.. The brandproposition is the deal the brand is offering you at any given momentthe coca-cola comp.has long been recognised as an memorial tablet with significantbrand equity with over four four hundread brands available in virtually every nookand crany of the world .the flag ship brand of coca cola has stood the rest of thetime over 120 years. Infact coca-cola alone is recognized as the most valuable inthe world by the see inter brand corportionvalued at above US $ 67 billion ,the coca-cola brand (coke)has become effectively become a part of modern worldculture.though its advertising campaign has c hanged over the years,coca-cola THEREAL TASTE has always stood for aREAL COLA DRINK with authenticity . theidentity has been build by an decade with uniform values and diferentiatedelements. Many competitors have aim at cokes but the brand continues tocommand a number one position globaly in ranking of brand equity. After all If ustand for the real thing every competitor is an imitator. the Coca-Cola bottle designdifferentiated the identity, the easier it is to protect from infringement.Just coca cols has remained to its time tested identity u have the equalllyrelivant to you. This brand identity should reflect your own unique equity and careessence this will ensure your brand creativity and identity that is meaning ful andsustainable in long term.Brand image-A unique set of associations in the mind of customers concerning what abrand stands for and the implied promises the brand makes.There could be hardly any person around the world that hasnt heard thename Coca Cola. Ever since it beginning as worlds leading name in colddrinks, Coca Cola has created a strong brand image irrespective of age, sexand geographical locations. Millions of people around the world areconsuming cold drinks or soft drinks as part of their daily meal. Coca Cola,ever since its inception has been the leader in soft drink market.Brand image is the significant factor affecting Cokes sale. Coca-Colasbrand name is very well known all over the world. Packaging changes havealso touch sales and industry positioning, but in general, the public hastended not to be affected by new products. Coca-Colas bottling system alsoallows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunitiesaround the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a largegeographic, diverse, area.Brand loyaltyBrand loyalty is a of import construct to marketing. Keeping the consumersatisfied, and loyal enough to frequently purchase just one brand, is moredifficult in todays marketplace than ever befo re. But today, major brandsare experiencing heightened brand loyalty due to the growing popularity ofthe brand as a collectible.A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognizedexpression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola.Brand personality-Brand Personality identity is understood as the set of human characteristicsassociated with a brand. The brand image building strategy implies thedefinition of a brand personality and a user personality.Have you ever thought more or less your personal brand?Brand personalities that1) Are well-known,2) offer something different to the world than they do in terms of productsand servicesCoca-Colas brand personality reflects the positioning of its brand. The bring of positioning a brand or product is a complex managerial task andmust be done over time utilize all the elements of the marketing mix.Positioning is in the mind of the consumer and can be described as how theproduct is considered by that consumer. When research ing the positioning ofa product, consumers are often asked how they would describe that productif it were a person. The purpose of this is to develop a character statement.This can ensure that consumers have a clear view of the brand values thatmake up the brand personality, just like the values and beliefs that make upa person. Many people see Coca-Cola as a part of their daily life. Thissimilarity between the brand and the consumer leads to a high degree ofloyalty and makes the purchasing decision easierBrand Positioning-The location of a brand in relation to its competitors in some pre-definedspace. The space may be defined by criteria used by consumers, such asvalue for specie or age of consumer etc.5 main factors that go into defining a brand position.1. Brand AttributesWhat the brand delivers through features and benefits to consumers.2. Consumer ExpectationsWhat consumers expect to receive from the brand.3. contender attributesWhat the other brands in the market offer throu gh features and benefits toconsumers.4. PriceAn easily quantifiable factor Your prices vs. your competitors prices.5. Consumer perceptionsThe perceived quality and value of your brand in consumers minds (i.e.,does your brand offer the cheap solution, the good value for the moneysolution, the high-end, high-price tag solution, etc.?)The Coca-Cola Company produce a clip of beverages suited to differentages, stages, lifestyles and occasions. This includes soft drinks, fodder drinks,juices and juice drinks, waters, energy drinks, sports drinks and cordials.As part of a healthy, varied and balanced fodder and an active lifestyle, allproducts can be enjoyed by the majority of people.It is act to helping customers select the product that is best suited totheir needs through the provision of detailed product information supportedby general advice on healthy eating, drinking and lifestyles.It understands that balancing energy intake with energy output is key to ahealthy body weight. We therefore provide choice through range of low orno-kilojoule products that are ideally suited to the needs of people who wishto reduce energy intake through beverage selection. much(prenominal) products are readily available at a similar cost to an equivalent higherenergy product.As one of the largest producers and marketers of non-alcoholic beverages wepromote sensual exertion through our active lifestyles programme andsponsorship of sport.Through new product development we will continue to release a range ofnew types of drinks, including low or no kilojoule products as we look at waysin which to cater to those people who wish to reduce energy intake throughselection of bring down energy beverages.Children and the role of our beveragesCoca cola respect and support the primary role that parents play in decisionsaffecting the lives of young children, including choices about diet andlifestyle. crapulence choice, like food selection, is a role for parents and weassist them in this through the provision of nutrition information and bymaking available a wide range of products suitable for all ages, stages andoccasions.Coca-Colas longstanding global policy ensures we do not directly market ourproducts to children under the age of twelve. Our brands are not advertiseduring childrens television times and we do not show children under 12 inadvertising or promotional materials drinking our products outside of thepresence of an adult. Our sample events are directed to people over theage of 12.In the small number of schools where we provide vending machines we workwith the school to provide a range of beverages, and ensure that lowerenergy products are priced attractively and the packaging is in a single servesize. Guidelines have been established to oversee the manner in which wework with schools and their tuck shops.It is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free alternatives at asimilar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Retailers offering specials are encouraged to include both the regular and diet versions of our softdrinks.Through new product development it aim to develop more products thatmeet the unique needs of children and will work with nutrition experts as wedo this.For healthy active and growing children, beverages higher in energy can beenjoyed as part of a balanced and varied diet. However, we also provide arange of low or no-kilojoule products also suitable for children.Supporting sport and physical activityGlobally, The Coca-Cola Company has a long history of supporting sport andactivity. have been a major Olympic Games sponsor since 1928 and alsosponsor major international sporting events. Coca-Cola has been an All Blacksponsor for the past decade and has also supported provincial netball andrugby.At a grassroots level, Coca-Cola has formed a partnership with the NationalAssociation of OSCAR (Out of School Care and Recreation) to develop andimplement a national physical activity programme available to 75,000 you ngNew Zealanders. In South Auckland, the Get Moving programme is workingto encourage children to participate in local sports and recreation courses.The Pump water brand is now a major sponsor of the Heart FoundationsJump Rope for Heart programme that runs in schools across New Zealandand through the Powerade sports drink brand, we support numerous sportingevents around the country.LabellingAll products of The Coca-Cola Company provide clear nutrition information incompliance with international regulations.PackagingCoca-Cola is committed to strict environmental guidelines, and to ensuringour packaging has as little impact as possible on the environment. To thisend, a recycling project was introduced in New Zealand during 2001 whichensures our PET bottles contain an fairish of 10% recycled material.Information ProgrammesCoca colas consumer contact centre provides around the clock access toinformation about the companies.PricingIt is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free soft drinkalternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Similarly, anycompetitions or promotions of Coca-Cola can be entered by our consumerswho purchase diet Coke. Although at the discretion of retailers, special offersand reduced prices on soft drinks are usually available for both the regularand diet versions of our soft drinksBrand extension -Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firmmarketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand namein a different product category. Organizations use this strategy to increaseand leverage brand equity (definition the net worth and long-termsustainability just from the renowned name)Conclusion-The progress and advancement in the field of technology in the fields of softdrink raw material, production, manufacturing, information andcommunication technology and logistics have great positive impacts on theoperations and sales of Coca-Cola. The availability of new soft drinking redients enables Coca-Cola to introduce new variety of its products to itsexisting consumers, not forgetting to attract the new consumer groups. Theuse of the latest information technology has made able the company toattract the new generation of soft drink consumers with the latest features ofsong downloading. Also the existence of company website has enabled theworld to be in touch with the latest progress, promotions

Use Of Computers In Education Education Essay

Use Of Computers In Education Education EssayExploring the digital divide amongst schools requires not totally requires examining the access the students have to technology but also the equality in the tuitional activityal pictures the students have with the technology.The usage of technology in a school plays an beta role. It is said to be one of the factors that ca go for a digital divide amongst schools. Reasons are as followed putting computers in the classroom does not automatically pass the divide. The outcome of investing in computers should be for the benefit of the students. Students must be able to manipulate their skills on the technology thus improving the learning process. Doing so would mean analyzing how the students are making use of the computer technology provided to them.From sentiment B done on the local anesthetic and international schools students, we find that 47% of the sampled local students do not use the computers at school. This is a common case as we find from prior results that students are more acquainted with their computers at home. Although this and so leads to a socioeconomic problem. As students from different socioeconomic groups have varying access to computers and the meshwork. hence this has an effect on the equity of computer access.However survey B shows that 57% of local students didnt have access to computers at home. Those who did have access, 77% of them did not use it.This leads to a major problem as well-nigh students are unlikely to be using a computer at all. It is almost impossible to enjoy the benefits of ICTs without the use of ICT in education and indeed ICT education itself to improve skills.Computers have brought about a revolution across all industries. They have changed the face of society. What was once known as a technology that infallible specially trained people has now become a daily utility. Computers have gained immense importance in day-to-day life. Their increasing utility has do co mputer education the need of the day. (Oak)The ICT skills of students in the local school were poor. From the survey we see that on average 45% of students did not have the required skills to use simple tool-based applications (such as word processors) Where as students from international school all of them had some sort of idea about each of the simple tool-based applications.Various technologies present different kinds of content and serve different purposes in the classroom. For example, word processing and e-mail promote communication skills database and spreadsheet programs promote organizational skills and modelling software promotes the disposition of science and math concepts. so it is important to consider how these electronic technologies differ and what characteristics make them important as vehicles for education (Becker, 1994).Computers being implemented in education has made it not only easier for the teachers to render knowledge but also for students to grasp it mu ch quicker. Computer technology allows a fun-element to education and it goes without saying that the Internet has endowed education with interactivity. The computer offers several advantages to a students life, ranging from interactive audio-visual media to PowerPoint presentations to animation software. Each can be used to render information to students in an interactive and much more appealing manner. The visual effects provided by the animation and presentation software result in greater awareness of the students dues to greater elicit rates. Furthermore, these applications serve as visual aids to the teachers. Overhead projectors and screens facilitate a simultaneous viewing of information by a large number of students. These audio-visual precept aids have brought about marked improvements in student attendance and attentiveness. Interactive media have proven to be useful in enhancing the concentration levels of students. Therefore we can conclude that this underlines the impo rtance of computer teaching against textbooks. (Oak)Computers skills are more important than ever, required for nearly half of all jobs now compared to less than a third in 1997.A technology savvy youth is playing an increasing influential role in employment and with a countries development. Education is life-and-death for students to be prepared to meet worldwide needs so that well paying jobs are not outsourced. Lack of Education and employment slows down progression within a country (Koss, 2001).The most severe consequences of the digital divide are the long term effects that it can have on students that do not have access to education. Lacking access and computer skills would mean that a whole generation will miss out on realizing their abounding potential in an information and communication technology world (Koss, 2001).Therefore it is virtually impossible to ignore the need for technology in an education computer programme (Di Bello, 2005).Studies have also shown that sch ool students who are competent computer users tend to perform better in their otherwise key school subjects than those with limited experience and confidence to perform basic computer necessities. According to OECD studies it has been found thata tech-savy youth could perform strikingly better due to the relationship that they hold with computers.In neat students with limited access to computers or only recent access to computers are at a higher risk of performing poorly at programme level.Internet useThe internet has more or less become a fundamental medium of communication and information processing, permeating every knowledge base of economy and society. The more it becomes the key medium for business, education, for social services, for personal development, and for social interaction, the more the capacity to use it becomes dependant on peoples educational level. In other words the real inequality starts when we are all dependent on the internet. The more we move into an in ternet society, the more education becomes the foundation for equal opportunity. Therefore in addition to the computer use, the level of internet use was examined as well.The results also show that 64% of students did not have internet access as compared to all the students who had access from the international school.Information and Communication Technology is playing an increasingly influential role in reshaping employment in large split of the world. Information and Communication Technologies presents unprecedented opportunities to combat poverty by increasing income, opening markets and providing employment opportunities. Knowledge based economies have an advantage in todays global market. Countries with extensive knowledge assets are able to open employment opportunities which create rapid technological progress that benefits in economic growth and rising animated standards.A trend has formed with employees wanting workers with certified skills and educational levels to fill positions. Students in higher education are dealing with more than a digital divide, it has now become a degree divide. Students that are prevented from getting bachelor degrees are at a disadvantage in gaining employment (Garmon, 2003).

Strategies for the Dietary Control of Diabetes

Strategies for the Dietary guard of DiabetesA survey of the recent strategies for the dietetical control of diabetes in the marrow eastboundINTRODUCTIONSignificant changes in the political and socio-economic climates have been the hallmark of the last decade in the m any(prenominal) of the countries in the Middle East especially those located in the territories of the Arabian Gulf. These changes have impacted in no small way on the demographics of the affected countries. worthy are the obvious shifts in age distribution and a perceptible increase in wellnessy life expectancy. Furthermore, there have been alterations in the constituted lifestyles of the people living in these countries perhaps out-of-pocket largely to westernization, rapid urbanization and industrialization (Abdella et al 1995). It is also worth mentioning that disease references, trends and or their prevalence have also changed dramatically. Prominent among these is diabetes.Diabetes delineationThe incidenc e and prevalence of diabetes have consistently increased in the last 20 historic period these changes have paralleled environmental transformation as well as the adjustments to changes above mentioned (Abdella et al 1995 Zimmet et al 1977). The current projection of the World Health Organisation (WHO 2007) indicates that there bequeath be further increases in the prevalence of diabetes in the Middle East. A working committee of the WHO on diabetes defined the disease as a metabolic incommode of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both the effects existence long-term wrongfulness, dysfunction and misadventure of various organs (Alberti and Zimmet 1998). Diabetes is ca apply by a lack of the hormone insulin, which is produced by the -islet cells of the pancreas. Glucose is the primary energy source for all cells and is provided by d igestion of carbohydrates from the diet. Insulin enhances the body cells uptake of glucose from personal line of credit plasma. Hence, defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or, most commonly, both allows to decreased uptake of glucose by the cells and an increase in consanguinity glucose levels. Sustained increases in blood glucose level volition lead to the excretion of glucose in the urine when such increases exceed the renal threshold of the molecule. This in turn leads to the typical symptoms of diabetes excessive production of urine (polyuria) and extreme aridness (polydipsia). Fatty acids from fat stores are metabolized as an alternative energy source when the body senses a lack of glucose, the result is weight loss and fatigue contrastive common symptoms of diabetes (Maitra and Abbas 2004). The clinical profile of diabetes varies minimally among the countries of the Middle East. In Kuwait for example, because of the marked disparity between individuals in thei r age of diabetes onset, mode of presentation, and the storey of obesity, the clinical profile of the disease is heterogeneous (Abdella et al 1995).Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease entity, but rather a group of metabolic disorders manduction the common underlying feature of hyperglycemia. Type 1 (early-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and Type 2 (maturity-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) diabetes are well known types and are characterized by the different metabolic processes of the disease (Alberti and Zimmet, 1998). Type 2 accounts for or so 80% of the disease worldwide. The chronic hyperglycemia and attendant metabolic dysregulation may be associated with secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels (Maitra and Abbas 2004).The Role of Diet in the Management of DiabetesNutritional therapy is an integral part of the oversight of diabetes and plays a full of life role in he lping people with diabetes achieve and maintain optimal blood glucose level (United Kingdom (UK) Prospective Diabetes ingest Group (UKPDS), 1990 Delahanty, 1998). The nutritional attention of patients is based on evidence-based principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications (American Diabetes Association, 2002). These recommendations are based on evidence published in the international literature and from consensus and expert reliance as required (Ha and Lean, 1998). The benefit of tight control of both blood glucose and blood pressure in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated in several well controlled randomized large-scale studies (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993 UKPDS 1998a,1998b). Generally, the objectives of strategies for the dietetic control of diabetes are complementary to the aims of medical treatment. Dyson (2002) report that these includes but not limited to the followingMaintaining blood glucose in spite of appearance predetermined target rangeMinimizing the risk of hypoglycaemia for those patients taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agentsAchieving weight loss in the obese patientReducing the risk of long-term complications of diabetesMaintaining blood pressure and lipid levels within predetermined target ranges make better and maintaining suitable quality of life. (Dyson 2002)Rationale for the projectContemporary management of diabetes places emphasis on the individual patients responsibility for diabetes control of blood sugars and of victuals consumption. The concept of self-care with regard to a recommended diet is thus considered important in order for patients to maintain normoglycaemia and reduce or prevent diabetes-related complications (Rubin and Peyrot, 1992 Rubin et al, 1997). The diabetic patient is pass judgment to monitor his/her carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure and the effects of insulin or recommended medic aments on blood pressure and sugar levels. This inevitably demands a level of understanding about diabetes and of the effect of diet on the progression and or management of the disease. This survey provide explore the individual patients approach to control or support the pharmacotherapeutic management of his/her diabetes using diet. The oeuvre will shed light on diabetic patients adherence to guideline dietary recommendations in the Middle East or on novel dietary strategies for the control of the disease. The results of this study is essential to health policies makers in the region and pivotal for governmental strategies to minimize the burden of the diabetic epidemics in the Middle East.Using Kuwait as First Port of Call for the Middle East Diabetes Diet Study (MEDDS)The middle east pay off a large region that covers parts of northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and south eastern Europe consisting of Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qa tar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Middle East Diabetes Diet Study (MEDDS) will focus on Kuwait in its first phase. Implementation of the study in other countries of the Middle East will stem from its success in Kuwait following appropriate modifications to adapt the study tools to the settings and replacejects of these countries.Description of First Target site Kuwait is a relatively small country, (17, 818 km2 in surface area) and is situated in the North Eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Kuwait shares the north and west borders with Iraq, is bordered on the south by Saudi Arabia and on the east by the Arabian Gulf. Total race of Kuwait in 2005 was 2, 867, 000 and over 88% of these were aged 15 and over percent urban population out of total population was 100% during the same period (WHO 2007). The prevalence of diabetes in Kuwait was 104,000 in 2000 and the projection for the year 2030 is 319,000 this will meter to about 44% of the projected total population (WHO 2007).AIM AND OBJECTIVESAimThe aim of this proposal is to develop a plan for the conduct of a cross-section(a) survey of the recent (ObjectivesTo purposely select a gore of experienced diabetes practitioners/clinicians to conceive questions assessing patients knowledge of their diabetes and the effects of their food types and feeding pattern on glycaemia and blood pressure control (in 11 main fields)To develop and validate a diabetes-diet questionnaire tool for the studyTo implement the diabetes-diet legal document during a face to face semi-structured query designed to further explore recent dietary strategies for the control of diabetesTo administer a 7-day diet dairy to respondents.Repeat the survey in other countries of the Middle EastMETHODOLOGYDevelopment of Study InstrumentsAn initial list of 11 patients knowledge field of studys as shown below will be usedBasic knowledge about diabetes association of patients own current management if involving pharmacotherapyConsumption of olives, fruits and vegetables, nuts and cereals in recent times.The intake of legumes in cooked foods in the last 5 yearsRecent intake of dairy and meat products.Consumption of alcohol/wine in the last 5 yearsKnowledge of other food types consumed recentlyKnowledge of feeding pattern in recent timesKnowledge of occurrences of diabetes complications and or hospitalisations in the last 5 yearsKnowledge of the effect of food types and pattern of intake on control of blood pressure in the last 5 yearsKnowledge of the effect of food types and pattern of intake on the control of blood glucose in the last 5 yearsUnder by the piece domain, important points regarding each topic will be place. To ensure surfeit validity, a panel of 10 senior practitioners in the area of diabetes management will be identified and asked to participate in diabetes-diet (MEDDS) legal instrument development phase (Kline 1986 Streiner and Norman 1989). The expert review ers will include 2 pharmacists involved in care of diabetes patients, 3 diabetes round nurses, 3 diabetes specialist dietitians and 2 consultants in the area of diabetes. These will be identified based on their records of diabetes patient care experiences and on their knowledge of the factors impacting on the progression of the disease. The diabetes-diet (MEDDS) instruments content experts will rate each of the topic domains and indicate the percentage weight of each domain within the integral study tool. Between 6 and 12 multiple-choice questions will be created for each domain, with a focus on information ranked by the experts as most important for the objectives of the study. The multiple-choice question format is chosen because it is easy to administer and it will be easy to psychometrically validate the ensuing instrument (Kline 1986). all(prenominal) multiple choice question will have 4 possible responses, namely one correct answer and 3 distracters. However, in order to a mply capture any emerging theme, respondents will be allowed time to comment freely on the questions and the multiple choices in a semi-structured interview. These will then be transcribed for analysis. Existing questions from previous studies may be harnessed and modified by the panel. The expert panel will also rank the questions within the domain in descending order based on its relative importance to patients diabetes diet requirement/knowledge. After the initial item bank is compiled, the expert panel members will be asked to rank the overall quality of each item on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = poor, 5 = excellent) in hurt of how well it tested each information point. These rankings will be used to eliminate questions and create a 20-30 item pilot instrument. An item bank will be developed based on this information. Questions will be written at 7th grade reading level as determined by the Flesch/Flesch-Kincaid Readability Tests calculated from Dave Taylor and Intuitive systems (2007 ). Respondents will also be asked to fill a 7-day diet diary.Inclusion criteriaAdult volunteers aged 18-85, living in the study site with not less than 3 years diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes.Since retinal and vascular problems associated with diabetes mellitus are common, attempts will be made to administer the tools also in carers of blind diabetic patients.Exclusion criteriaAnyone diagnosed with a mental illness as it may be tricky to determine the frankness of information collected from these patients.Patients who are deaf this is because a researcher and the interviewee would need to be proficient in sign language for any meaningful interview to take palceData-collection toolsThree data-collection tools will eventually be used (1) the diabetes diet questionnaire (MEDDS tool), (2) a semi-structured interview using validated questions developed by the experts group and (3) a health diary. The interview and diet questionnaire will be the main data source. The semi-structu red interview will last for 20 -30 minutes and will be conducted to further explore dietary trends for the control of diabetes in the last 5 years this will be done at any spatial relation convenient for the respondents. The MEDDS questionnaire will be self or researcher administered during the face-to-face interview. A team of 8 interviewers will be trained by the researchers for 4 days before the start of data collection. The questionnaire will be translated into the local language of the study site. The study tools will be pre-tested for about 1 calendar week in diabetes patients across age and sex variables of the target diabetic cohort as shown by Abdella et al (1995) for diabetic Kuwaiti. Larger scale administration of the instrument will be for 6 months following the pre-test period.Study populationBased on the household registry linked to databases of diabetes organisations in Kuwait, the survey will severalise the area of Kuwait into seven strata according to the degree of urbanization, geographic location, and administrative boundaries. Townships or districts will be selected from each stratum with the selection probability being proportional to its size. Sample selection will involve the use of multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure at the district level to select sub districts and zones from where the study sample could be drawn. In each district, the area will be sub-divided into sub districts from which 3 zones will be selected based on population size. Within the selected zones, households will be randomly numbered, and houses assigned even numbers will be selected into the final sample..Instrument AdministrationDiabetes patients or their carer (as may be necessary) will be identified for face-to-face semi-structured interview, the administration of the diet questionnaire and the filling of a diet diary in the final sample population. Knowledge of dietary recommendations for the management of their diabetes will be investigated types o f food as well as feeding pattern in the last 5 years will be evaluated for each diabetes type. Answers will also be sought to questions that will provide insight into patients recent general passing(a) energy intake and expenditure daily amount of carbohydrate and protein in the diet, control of blood pressure and glucose levels in the last 5 years. Respondents will also provide insights into changes in local tradition for dietary control of diabetes. Following the interview and administration of the diet questionnaire, each participant will be given a 7-day diet diary to exculpate after each meal or at the end of each day. It will be explained that the diet diary should contain food types and time of take and all dietary tactics taken to maintain normal blood glucose level (47 mmol/litre). The diet diary will further explore the truthfulness of information provided in the interview/ questionnaire as well as shed light on how the respondents have presented their recent self-car e dietary strategies for the control of their diabetes.The Use of Interpreters lingual competency is central to cross-cultural studies and problems that may arise due to the researchers not understanding the local language could be overcome by the use of an congressman (Davies, 1999). It may also be reassuring for the respondents to see someone with whom they share the same culture and language during the interview periods (Freed, 1988). Interpreters will either provide direct translation during the face to face interview or conduct the interview independently following adequate training (Baker, 1981).Psychometric Analysis of the Questionnaire for the Dietary Control of DiabetesEnsuring content and construct validity are appropriate methods to develop a knowledge instrument. Questionnaire validity is ideally established by comparing the new instrument being developed with an established recognized standard. There are no such standard for the target patients of this study. Reliabil ity is also a vital pass judgment of a sound knowledge instrument. The diabetes-diet (MEDDS) instrument will be said to be reliable when grievances are consistent over time within a site or as implementation moves from one site/country to another. The variability of the instruments results should in this case be due to true differences among the individuals patients that will be enrolled into the study (Streiner and Norman 1989).Content ValidityContent validity refers to the extent to which a set of items reflects the intended content domain (De vellis 1991). A systematic approach to identifying important domains and developing specific items based on consultations amongst experienced practitioners in the management of diabetic patients will ensure the content validity of the Middle East Diabetes Diet Survey (MEDDS) instrument. This method follows those employed by Zeolla et al (2006) in determining patients knowledge of the management of their disease. redo ValidityConstruct vali dity determines the instruments ability to function for its intended purpose (Kline 1986). The contrasted group method will be used in this study to determine the construct validity of the MEDDS tool (Kline 1986).Reliability of the Diet QuestionnaireA proportion of the diabetic patients recruited into the study will be followed-up after 4 months and urged to complete the diet questionnaire only. The time elapse is considered sufficient to reduce the impact of recall (Streiner and Norman 1989). A correlation coefficient will be calculated between the test scores from each administration. A coefficient of 0.80 or higher is considered acceptable for demonstrating testretest reliability (Streiner and Norman 1989).Hypothesis for Construct ValidityIf the MEDDS instrument is a valid tool to assess the recent approaches for the dietary control of diabetes, patients managed for diabetes, should be more knowledgeable and achieve significantly higher scores than those not diagnosed or managed for the disease. To confirm this hypothesis, the response of diabetic patients to the final instrument will be compared with responses of age-matched subjects without diabetes in the same setting. Construct validity would be confirmed if the mean generated score for diabetic subjects were significantly higher than those not diagnosed or managed for diabetes..Statistical and Data AnalysisStatistical analyses will be by SPSS version 14. The results of the pre-test will be excluded from the analysis. Students t-test will be used to compare the differences in mean scores of patients managed and not managed for diabetes. Using chi-square (2), demographics characteristics will be compared between patients managed and not managed for diabetes. Pearsons correlation coefficient will be used for the testretest reliability analysis. Descriptive statistics will be used to report patient demographics. The interview transcripts and the health diaries will be deliberated upon on more than one occa sion to fully understand patients self care approach and identify individual patients dietary care strategies. Themes emerging from the interview will then be compared with dietary patterns observed in the 7-day diet diary and the diet questionnaire. Following a detailed analysis of the results of all 3 tools, perceptions of respondents conformity to recommended dietary regimen or their general philosophy/strategy of managing diabetes with diet will be reached. good CONSIDERATIONThe study qualitative paradigm protocol will be submitted for review and approval by the local ethics committee for the study region. A covering letter describing the goals of the study will be provided to patients agreeing to participate. The purpose of the study will be very carefully explained to the respondents and their consent will be individually obtained before the study tools are administered. Each participant will also complete a brief demographic questionnaire. In cases of identified illiteracy, t he information contained in the form will be read by the study interpreter and informed consent sought. All respondents will assured of anonymity, confidentiality and that they could withdraw from participation in the study at any time.EXPECTED OUTPUTInterventions to prevent diabetes in the Middle East should include culturally appropriate and effective ways to improve the nutritional adequacy of the diet in line with international guidelines for the dietary control of diabetes. The result of the study will indicate the knowledge gaps if any in the study population. askew glycaemia control associated with certain food types and feeding strategies identified in the study may become basis for its recommendation and use in other parts of the world for the control of the worldwide diabetes epidemic.ReferencesAbdella Nabila A., Moustafa M. Khogalib, Amani D. Salman, Shaker A. Ghuneimi, Jasbir S. Bajajd (1995) Pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Kuwait Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 29.1 29-136Alberti, K.G. Zimmet, P. Z. (1998) Definition, diagnosis and compartmentalisation of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO commission. Diabetic Medicine, 15, 539553.American Diabetes Association (2002) Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes armorial bearing 25 S50S60Baker N (1981) Social work through an interpreter. Soc invent 2639197Dave Taylor and Intuitive system (2007) Internet Accessed 21st April 2007 http//www.readability.info/Davies CA (1999) Reflexive descriptive anthropology A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. Routledge, LondonDelahanty LM (1998) Clinical significance of medical nutrition therapy in achieving diabetes outcomes and the importance of process. J Am Diet Assoc 98 2830Devellis RF (1991). Scale development theory and applications. overb oldbury Park, CA Sage Publications.Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329 97786Dyson Pamela (2002) Nutrition and diabetes control advice for non-dietitians British Journal of Community Nursing Vol 7, No 8. 414-419Freed AO (1988) Interviewing through an intrepreter. Soc Work 33(4) 31597Ha TKK, Lean MEJ (1998) Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 46781Kline P. (1986) A handbook of test construction introduction to psychometric design. New York Methuen Co.Maitra A and Abbas A.K (2004). The endocrine system. In Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (edited by V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas N. Fausto). Pp. 1189-1207, 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Saunders Company.Streiner DL, Norman GR. (1989) Health measurement scales a functional guide to their development and use. New York Oxford University Press.UKPDS (1998a) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes UKPDS 33. Lancet 352 83753UKPDS (1998b) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes UKPDS 38. BMJ 317 70313UKPDS (1990) Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients UKPDS 7. Metabolism 39 90512WHO (2007) Internet Available http//www.who.int/diabetes/facts/world_figures/en/ Accessed 21st April 2007Zeolla M. M., Michael R Brodeur, Angela Dominelli, Stuart T Haines, and Nicole D Allie (2006). Development and Validation of an Instrument to mould Patient Knowledge The Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge Test Ann Pharmacother 40633-8.Zimmet, P., Taft, P., Guinea, A., Guthrie, W. and Tchoma, L. (1977) The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus on a central Pacific island. Diabetologia 13, 111-115.

Equality of Citizens and Non-Citizens in the EU Essay -- Social Welfar

IntroductionThe territory of the European Union (EU) hosts roughly 500 cardinal people. atomic number 18 they all equal in their rights? Definitely not. One of legal dividing lines lies between the nationals of EU Member States (Citizen) and third-country nationals (TCNs) whose citizenship belongs to a non-EU country. Nationality t presentfore does matter in EU lawfulness it confers different statuses. The paper compares the two separate legal regimes that are applicable to EU citizens and TCNs respectively. Due to the narrow scope of this essay, the analytical focus espouse here is under four major limitations. First, legal migrants coming from outside the EU constitute several(prenominal) different categories (for instance, economic migration, family reunion or migration of students, pupils, trainees, and volunteers) in EU law, which is even more complex because of privileged TCNs who gain their status from special arrangements between their own country and the EU, furthermore Schengen visa requirements mean excess salmagundi along a different dimension. The essay deals only with non-privileged long residents (LTRs) as defined by the Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (LTRs Directive) . Second, two EU citizens and LTRs rights comprise several dimensions (for example, access to employment, family reunification or social grants) but this study is mainly focused on their entitlements to move and reside at bottom the territory of the EU. Third, the main concern of this paper is restrictions to the previously mentioned rights of both categories of persons. Fourth, the family members neither of Citizens nor TCNs are not part of the main body of this analysis. Subsequently, the e... ...and citizenship tests in several countries as a new way of selecting immigrants. Shift away from aftermath integration as a positive social measure and towards predominantly viewing it as a repressive im migration measure can be noticed. Works Cited1.Anton-Mathew-Morgan. In R.2.Aust. In R.3.Byers-Chesterman. In R.4.Cassese. In R.5.Crawford-Olleson. In R.6.Evans. In R.7.Fitzmaurice. In R.8.Francas presentation.9.Freestone-Salman. In R.10.http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Law-of-the-Sea.html11.http//www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm12.Openheim. In R.13.Rio Declaration14.Sands. In R.15.Slide on The nine pillars of the common heritage of mankind.16.Slides on History17.Slides on mood swop18.Tuerk. In R.19.UN Charter20.UNHCR. In R. Equality of Citizens and Non-Citizens in the EU Essay -- Social WelfarIntroductionThe territory of the European Union (EU) hosts roughly 500 million people. Are they all equal in their rights? Definitely not. One of legal dividing lines lies between the nationals of EU Member States (Citizen) and third-country nationals (TCNs) whose citizenship belongs to a non-EU country. Nationalit y therefore does matter in EU law it confers different statuses. The paper compares the two separate legal regimes that are applicable to EU citizens and TCNs respectively. Due to the narrow scope of this essay, the analytical focus adopted here is under four major limitations. First, legal migrants coming from outside the EU constitute several different categories (for instance, economic migration, family reunion or migration of students, pupils, trainees, and volunteers) in EU law, which is even more complex because of privileged TCNs who gain their status from special arrangements between their own country and the EU, furthermore Schengen visa requirements mean additional classification along a different dimension. The essay deals only with non-privileged long-term residents (LTRs) as defined by the Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (LTRs Directive) . Second, both EU citizens and LTRs rights comprise several dimensions (for example, access to employment, family reunification or social grants) but this study is mainly focused on their entitlements to move and reside within the territory of the EU. Third, the main concern of this paper is restrictions to the previously mentioned rights of both categories of persons. Fourth, the family members neither of Citizens nor TCNs are not part of the main body of this analysis. Subsequently, the e... ...and citizenship tests in several countries as a new way of selecting immigrants. Shift away from viewing integration as a positive social measure and towards predominantly viewing it as a repressive immigration measure can be noticed. Works Cited1.Anton-Mathew-Morgan. In R.2.Aust. In R.3.Byers-Chesterman. In R.4.Cassese. In R.5.Crawford-Olleson. In R.6.Evans. In R.7.Fitzmaurice. In R.8.Francas presentation.9.Freestone-Salman. In R.10.http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Law-of-the-Sea.html11.http//www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreem ents/convention_historical_perspective.htm12.Openheim. In R.13.Rio Declaration14.Sands. In R.15.Slide on The nine pillars of the common heritage of mankind.16.Slides on History17.Slides on Climate Change18.Tuerk. In R.19.UN Charter20.UNHCR. In R.

What is Philosophy? :: essays research papers

What is Philosophy?I believe that Philosophy is the study of polar ways of thinking. In philosophy, you should question everything and never take anything for face value. There are always two sides to every coin as there are polar ways of looking at things, is what philosophy teaches us. In philosophy, you must throw off tout ensemble the limitations you have set on yourself when dealing with how you view things and how things be to be. Reality is a big topic of discussion in philosophy. How you view things may not be how they really are. A schitzophrenics reality is different from the reality of a sane persons. Therefore I deem reality to be based on experiences, and perceptions. Something you deem to be wrong may be the same thing your friend deems to be right. So does this mean that there really is no one true reality?In Philosophy, we learn that it is clear to discredit things that occur in our lives. It is not only okay but it is a natural response to something you are u nclear or uncertain about. Sometimes, though, the build-up of doubt becomes too much for someone to handle so they become suicidal or just give up trying to think about it all together. When this happens, there is a tendency to become cynical, and this is a tragedy because then you feel like nothing is really worth trying to figure out. intimately of philosophy deals with the self. People are always trying to find out who they are why theyre here or how things relate to them. all in all of our lives are spent on a road of self discovery, seeing what the world has to offer us, and where our place really is. If we were to actually look closely, we would see that scallywag 2we knew who we were all along, we just didnt realize it.

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana Legalization :: Cannabis Legalization Argumentative Essays

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana LegalizationThe marijuana plant has been the topic of much debate throughout the history of this country. Many race dont know that it was not the effect of cannabis that originally spurred its banning. It was actually originally the work of the cotton industry who put big money behind illegalisation for the plants reason altering effects. The cotton industry was afraid that hemp, a product of the cannabis plant, would soon overpower the strong hold of cotton since it was a more undestroyable textile that required less work, less ground depletion, and could be grown almost anywhere. Since the time when cannabis first became illegal it has been grouped with other narcotics as a counterpart. The truth is cannabis has many benefits to society and other than the effects of smoke inhalation has rattling few negatives. Those against legalization try to put cannabis in the same light as other more potent drugs like cocaine and heroin. There are many misco nceptions about the substance and it is pass water it should be looked at separately.Those opposed to the legalization of the cannabis plant in a September 11th 2003 article claim that with legalization of cannabis willing come further problems. They say that legalization would lead to greater drug use especially with children as well as drug trafficking from legalized areas. They claim the tobacco and alcohol cause enough problems and there is no reason to add a new product into the mix. The claim is also made that drugs such as cannabis lead to poverty, crime, and violence. They argue that although the drug war cannot be completely successful it is worth it to slow down drug trade and that truly very few people are brought up on a simple possession charge of cannabis. Finally they make the claim that if cannabis and other drugs were legalized it would restrain court ordered addiction treatment. I understand the basis of all these claims and understand where they come from. Many arguments are made generally about the legalization of all illegal drugs including cannabis and I do agree that drugs other than cannabis should be kept illegal for all the reasons listed above. Where I find breach with the expose is the unfair grouping of cannabis into the article.First off it is important to understand the effects of cannabis use and its history. When smoking cannabis THC is the leadership stimulant released.

History of Computers :: Technology Computers Essays

History of Computers When you think most the origins of the electronic digital computer, what scientists names come to mind? Many historians crumple the credit to the Ameri whoremonger scientists J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchy. They built their Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) during World War II. These two scientists founded the first private computer systems company. Although just about people recognize Eckert and Mauchy as the persons accountable for the computer industry, historians are beginning to recognize a more unfamiliar history of the computer, its roots in the array establishment. (Meyers) The birth of the abacus was the beginning of computer history. The abacus is a wooden rack that holds two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. Moving the beads on the abacus can solve regular arithmetic problems. Thomas of Colmar developed the desktop calculator. While great advances were made in mathematical physics be tween 1850 and 1900, mechanical technology and science began to make important advances in several areas by the time WWI broke out in 1939. The Navy was particularly interested in the maturation of advanced technology beginning in World War I. Important advances in naval warfare, including the use of mechanical directors and computers for fire control, the use of radio for intercourse across great distances, and the development of the attack submarine posed new technical problems for strategists. (Flamm) A consulting board was set up in order to covering the proposals of outside inventors. The board also set up a laboratory to work on the problems of antisubmarine warfare, and eventually the Naval Research Laboratory was thusly established in 1923. The development of RADAR, radio communications, and the interception of encrypted enemy communications traffic were all supported by the Navys postwar research efforts. Because signals genetic by radio could be inter cepted much more easily than communications over land lines, cryptanalysis became an economic means of acquiring intelligence about the intentions of foreign, especially naval, military forces. (Flamm) During the 1930s, the Navy supported substantial work on servomechanisms at MIT. The analog computers were developed after Navy officers enrolled as graduate students in MITs Servomechanism Laboratory.